Multiplicity function for N noninteracting spins

2011-08-23T06:44:18Z

184.96.181.57:

In [[set theory]], a branch of [[mathematics]], a '''Reinhardt cardinal''' is a [[large cardinal]] κ, suggested by {{harvs|txt=yes|first=William Nelson|last=Reinhardt|year=1967|year2=1974}}, that is the [[critical point (set theory)|critical point]] of a non-trivial [[elementary embedding]] ''j'' of ''V'' into itself.

A minor technical problem is that this property cannot be formulated in the usual set theory [[ZFC]]: the embedding ''j'' is a class of the form <math>\{x|\phi(x,a)\}</math> for some set ''a'' and formula φ, and in the language of set theory it is not possible to quantify over all classes (or formulas). There are several ways to get round this. One way is to add a new function symbol ''j'' to the language of ZFC, together with axioms stating that ''j'' is an elementary embedding of ''V'' (and of course adding separation and replacement axioms for formulas involving ''j''). Another way is to use a [[Class (set theory)|class theory]] such as [[Von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory|NBG]] or [[Morse-Kelley set theory|KM]]. A third way would be to treat Kunen's theorem as a countable infinite collection of theorems, one for each formula φ, but that would trivialize the theorem. (It is possible to have nontrivial elementary embeddings of transitive models of ZFC into themselves assuming a mild large cardinal hypothesis, but these elementary embeddings are not classes of the model.)

{{harvs|txt=yes|authorlink=Kenneth Kunen|last=Kunen|year=1971}} proved [[Kunen's inconsistency theorem]] showing that the existence of such an embedding contradicts [[Von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory|NBG]] with the [[axiom of choice]] (and ZFC extended by ''j''), but it is consistent with weaker [[Class (set theory)|class theories]]. His proof uses the axiom of choice, and it is still an open question as to whether such an embedding is consistent with [[Von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory|NBG]] without the axiom of choice (or with ZF plus the extra symbol ''j'' and its attendant axioms).

Reinhardt cardinals are essentially the largest ones that have been defined (as of 2006) that are not known to be inconsistent in ZF set theory.

In ZF, there is a hierarchy of hypotheses asserting existence of elementary embeddings V→V 
J3: There is a nontrivial elementary embedding j: V→V 
J2: There is a nontrivial elementary embedding j: V→V, and DCλ holds, where λ is the least fixed-point above the critical point. 
J1: There is a cardinal κ such that for every α, there is an elementary embedding j : V→V with j(κ)>α and cp(j) = κ.

J2 implies J3, and J1 implies J3 and also implies consistency of J2. By adding a generic well-ordering of V to a model of J1, one gets ZFC plus a nontrivial elementary embedding of HOD into itself.

Woodin also introduced the following large cardinal hypothesis for ZF, which he called Berkeley cardinal:

There is an ordinal κ, such that for every [[transitive set]] M that includes κ, there is a nontrivial elementary embedding of M into M with critical point below κ.

It is not known whether this implies consistency of J1. A weakening of being a Berkeley cardinal is that for every binary relation R on Vκ, there is a nontrivial elementary embedding of (Vκ, R) into itself. This implies that that we have elementary j1, j2, j3, ... 
j1: (Vκ, ∈) →(Vκ, ∈), 
j2: (Vκ, ∈, j1) → (Vκ, ∈, j1), 
j3: (Vκ, ∈, j1, j2) → (Vκ, ∈, j1, j2), 
and so on. This can be continued any finite number of times, and to the extent that the model has dependent choice, transfinitely. Thus, plausibly, this notion can be strengthened simply by asserting more dependent choice.

While all these notions are incompatible with ZFC, their <math>\Pi^V_2</math> consequences do not appear to be false. There is no known inconsistency with ZFC in asserting that, for example: 
For every ordinal λ, there is a transitive model of ZF + Berkeley cardinal that is closed under λ sequences.

==See also==
*[[Extendible cardinal]]

== References ==
*{{citation|title= Inner Models and Large Cardinals
|first= Ronald |last=Jensen
|journal= The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic|volume= 1|issue= 4|year= 1995|pages= 393–407.
|doi= 10.2307/421129|publisher= The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 1, No. 4|jstor=421129}}
* {{citation|last=Kanamori|first=Akihiro|year=2003|publisher=Springer|title=The Higher Infinite : Large Cardinals in Set Theory from Their Beginnings|edition=2nd|isbn =3-540-00384-3}}
*{{citation|mr=0311478
|last=Kunen|first= Kenneth
|title=Elementary embeddings and infinitary combinatorics
|journal=J. Symbolic Logic |volume=36 |year=1971|pages= 407–413
|doi=10.2307/2269948|issue=3|publisher=The Journal of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 36, No. 3|jstor=2269948}}
*{{citation|last=Reinhardt|first= W. N.
|title=Topics in the metamathematics of set theory|series= Doctoral dissertation|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|year=1967}}
*{{citation|mr=0401475
|last=Reinhardt|first= W. N.
|chapter=Remarks on reflection principles, large cardinals, and elementary embeddings. |title=Axiomatic set theory |series=Proc. Sympos. Pure Math.|volume= XIII, Part II|pages= 189–205|publisher= Amer. Math. Soc.|publication-place= Providence, R. I.|year= 1974}}

[[Category:Large cardinals]]

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Multiplicity function for N noninteracting spins