Dead-end elimination - Revision history

en>Treepleks: Refined the informal definition of DEE.

2014-08-20T11:14:31Z

Refined the informal definition of DEE.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:14, 20 August 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
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	[~~[File~~:~~Partial transmittance~~.~~gif\|right\|frame\|An electromagnetic (or any other) wave experiences partial transmittance and partial reflectance when the medium through which it travels suddenly changes~~.]]

	~~The '''transmission coefficient''' is used in [[physics]] and [[electrical engineering]] when [[wave propagation]] in a medium containing [[discontinuity (mathematics)\|discontinuities]] is considered~~. ~~A transmission coefficient describes the amplitude, intensity, or total power of a transmitted wave relative to an incident wave.~~

	~~Different fields have different definitions for the term.~~

	~~==Optics==~~
	~~{{main\|transmittance}}~~

	~~In [[optics]], ''transmission''~~ is ~~the property of a substance to permit the passage of light, with some or none of the incident light being absorbed in the process. If some light~~ is ~~absorbed by the substance, then the transmitted light will be a combination of the wavelengths of the light that was transmitted and~~ not ~~absorbed. For example, a blue light filter appears blue because it absorbs red and green wavelengths. If white light is shone through~~ the ~~filter, the light transmitted also appears blue because of the absorption of the red and green wavelengths~~.

	~~The '''transmission coefficient''' is a measure of how much of an~~ [~~[electromagnetic wave]] ([[light]]) passes through a surface or an optical element~~. ~~Transmission coefficients can be calculated for either the [[amplitude]] or the [[intensity (physics)\|intensity]] of the wave~~. ~~Either is calculated by taking the ratio of the value after the surface or element to the value before~~.

	==~~Quantum mechanics==~~
	~~In non-relativistic [[quantum mechanics~~]~~], the '''transmission coefficient'''~~ and related '''[[reflection coefficient]]''' are used to describe the behavior of waves incident on a barrier.<ref name=Griffiths>{{cite book \| author=Griffiths, David J.\|title=Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.) \| publisher=Prentice Hall \|year=2004 \|isbn=0-13-111892-7}}</ref> The transmission coefficient represents the probability flux of the transmitted wave relative to that of the incident wave. It is ~~often used~~ to ~~describe the probability of a particle [[Quantum tunnelling\|tunneling]] through a barrier.~~

	~~The transmission coefficient is defined in terms of the incident~~ and ~~transmitted [[probability current\| probability current density]] ''J~~'~~' according~~ to:
	~~::<math>T = \frac{\vec J_\mathrm{trans} \cdot \hat{n}}{\vec J_\mathrm{inc} \cdot \hat{n} }, </math>~~
	where ''J''<sub>inc</sub> is the probability current in the wave incident upon the barrier with normal unit vector <math>\hat{n}</math> and ''J''<sub>trans</sub> is the probability current in the wave moving away from the barrier on the other side.

	~~The reflection coefficient ''R'' is defined analogously:~~
	~~::<math>R = \frac{\vec J_\mathrm{refl} \cdot -\hat{n}}{\vec J_\mathrm{inc} \cdot \hat{n}} = \frac{\|J_\mathrm{refl}\|}{\|J_\mathrm{inc}\|}</math>~~
	~~Conservation of probability implies that {{nowrap\|1=''T'' + ''R'' = 1}}, which in one dimension reduces to the fact that the sum of the transmitted~~ and ~~reflected currents is equal~~ in ~~magnitude~~ to ~~the incident current~~.

	~~For sample calculations, see ''~~[~~[rectangular potential barrier]]''.~~

	~~=== WKB approximation ===~~
	~~{{main\|WKB approximation}}~~
	~~Using the WKB approximation, one can obtain a tunnelling coefficient that looks like~~
	:<math>T = \frac{\displaystyle \exp\left(-2\int_{x_1}^{x_2} dx \sqrt{\frac{2m}{\hbar^2} \left( V(x) - E \right)}\,\right)}{\displaystyle \left( 1 + \frac{1}{4} \exp\left(-2\int_{x_1}^{x_2} dx \sqrt{\frac{2m}{\hbar^2} \left( V(x) - E \right)}\,\right) \right)^2}\ ,</~~math>~~

	~~where <math>x_1,\,x_2<~~/~~math> are the two classical turning points for the potential barrier~~.~~<ref name=Griffiths/> In the classical limit of all other physical parameters much larger than Planck's constant, abbreviated as <math>\hbar \rightarrow 0<~~/~~math>, the transmission coefficient goes to zero. This classical limit would have failed in the situation of a [[square potential]].~~

	~~If the transmission coefficient is much less than 1, it can be approximated with the following formula:~~
	~~: <math>T \approx 16 \frac{E}{U_0} \left(1-\frac{E}{U_0}\right) \exp\left(~~-~~2 L \sqrt{\frac{2m}{\hbar^2} (U_0~~-~~E)}\right)</math>~~
	~~where <math> L = x_2 - x_1 </math> is the length of the barrier potential.~~

	~~{{Seealso\|Quantum tunnelling}}~~

	~~==Telecommunication==~~
	~~In [[telecommunication]~~]~~, the '''transmission coefficient'''~~ is ~~the ratio of the amplitude of the complex transmitted wave to that of the incident wave at~~ a ~~discontinuity in the [[transmission line]]~~.<~~ref name=1037C~~>~~[[Federal Standard 1037C]] (1996). Online at~~ [http://~~www~~.~~its~~.~~bldrdoc.gov~~/fs-~~1037~~/~~fs-1037c.htm bldrdoc.gov]<~~/~~ref>~~

	The probability that a portion of a [[communications system]], such as a line, [[telecommunication circuit\|circuit]], [[channel (communications)\|channel]] or [[Trunking\|trunk]], will meet specified performance criteria is also sometimes called the "transmission coefficient" of that portion of the system.<ref name=1037C/> The value of the transmission coefficient is inversely related to the quality of the line, circuit, channel or trunk.

	~~==Chemistry==~~
	In [[chemistry]], the '''transmission coefficient''' is a state of [[1 (number)\|unity]] for monomolecular reactions.{{Clarify\|date=February 2009}} It appears in the [[Eyring equation]].{{Clarify\|date=February 2009}}

	~~== References ==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Geometrical optics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Physical optics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Fiber-optic communications]~~]

en>Addbot: Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by Wikidata on d:q5245065

2013-03-15T15:34:58Z

Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by Wikidata on d:q5245065

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:34, 15 March 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Hello~~ and ~~welcome~~. ~~My title~~ is ~~Irwin~~ and ~~I totally dig~~ that ~~title~~. ~~To perform baseball~~ is the ~~pastime he will never stop doing~~. ~~Managing people~~ is ~~his profession~~. ~~Years ago he moved~~ to ~~North Dakota~~ and ~~his family members loves it~~.<br><br>~~my homepage~~ [~~http~~://~~Torontocartridge~~.~~com/uncategorized~~/the-~~ideal~~-~~way~~-to-~~battle~~-a-~~yeast~~-~~infection~~/ ~~std testing at home~~]		{{seealso\|Reflection coefficient\|Attenuation coefficient}}

			[[File:Partial transmittance.gif\|right\|frame\|An electromagnetic (or any other) wave experiences partial transmittance and partial reflectance when the medium through which it travels suddenly changes.]]

			The '''transmission coefficient''' is used in [[physics]] and [[electrical engineering]] when [[wave propagation]] in a medium containing [[discontinuity (mathematics)\|discontinuities]] is considered. A transmission coefficient describes the amplitude, intensity, or total power of a transmitted wave relative to an incident wave.

			Different fields have different definitions for the term.

			==Optics==
			{{main\|transmittance}}

			In [[optics]], ''transmission'' is the property of a substance to permit the passage of light, with some or none of the incident light being absorbed in the process. If some light is absorbed by the substance, then the transmitted light will be a combination of the wavelengths of the light that was transmitted and not absorbed. For example, a blue light filter appears blue because it absorbs red and green wavelengths. If white light is shone through the filter, the light transmitted also appears blue because of the absorption of the red and green wavelengths.

			The '''transmission coefficient''' is a measure of how much of an [[electromagnetic wave]] ([[light]]) passes through a surface or an optical element. Transmission coefficients can be calculated for either the [[amplitude]] or the [[intensity (physics)\|intensity]] of the wave. Either is calculated by taking the ratio of the value after the surface or element to the value before.

			==Quantum mechanics==
			In non-relativistic [[quantum mechanics]], the '''transmission coefficient''' and related '''[[reflection coefficient]]''' are used to describe the behavior of waves incident on a barrier.<ref name=Griffiths>{{cite book \| author=Griffiths, David J.\|title=Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.) \| publisher=Prentice Hall \|year=2004 \|isbn=0-13-111892-7}}</ref> The transmission coefficient represents the probability flux of the transmitted wave relative to that of the incident wave. It is often used to describe the probability of a particle [[Quantum tunnelling\|tunneling]] through a barrier.

			The transmission coefficient is defined in terms of the incident and transmitted [[probability current\| probability current density]] ''J'' according to:
			::<math>T = \frac{\vec J_\mathrm{trans} \cdot \hat{n}}{\vec J_\mathrm{inc} \cdot \hat{n} }, </math>
			where ''J''<sub>inc</sub> is the probability current in the wave incident upon the barrier with normal unit vector <math>\hat{n}</math> and ''J''<sub>trans</sub> is the probability current in the wave moving away from the barrier on the other side.

			The reflection coefficient ''R'' is defined analogously:
			::<math>R = \frac{\vec J_\mathrm{refl} \cdot -\hat{n}}{\vec J_\mathrm{inc} \cdot \hat{n}} = \frac{\|J_\mathrm{refl}\|}{\|J_\mathrm{inc}\|}</math>
			Conservation of probability implies that {{nowrap\|1=''T'' + ''R'' = 1}}, which in one dimension reduces to the fact that the sum of the transmitted and reflected currents is equal in magnitude to the incident current.

			For sample calculations, see ''[[rectangular potential barrier]]''.

			=== WKB approximation ===
			{{main\|WKB approximation}}
			Using the WKB approximation, one can obtain a tunnelling coefficient that looks like
			:<math>T = \frac{\displaystyle \exp\left(-2\int_{x_1}^{x_2} dx \sqrt{\frac{2m}{\hbar^2} \left( V(x) - E \right)}\,\right)}{\displaystyle \left( 1 + \frac{1}{4} \exp\left(-2\int_{x_1}^{x_2} dx \sqrt{\frac{2m}{\hbar^2} \left( V(x) - E \right)}\,\right) \right)^2}\ ,</math>

			where <math>x_1,\,x_2</math> are the two classical turning points for the potential barrier.<ref name=Griffiths/> In the classical limit of all other physical parameters much larger than Planck's constant, abbreviated as <math>\hbar \rightarrow 0</math>, the transmission coefficient goes to zero. This classical limit would have failed in the situation of a [[square potential]].

			If the transmission coefficient is much less than 1, it can be approximated with the following formula:
			: <math>T \approx 16 \frac{E}{U_0} \left(1-\frac{E}{U_0}\right) \exp\left(-2 L \sqrt{\frac{2m}{\hbar^2} (U_0-E)}\right)</math>
			where <math> L = x_2 - x_1 </math> is the length of the barrier potential.

			{{Seealso\|Quantum tunnelling}}

			==Telecommunication==
			In [[telecommunication]], the '''transmission coefficient''' is the ratio of the amplitude of the complex transmitted wave to that of the incident wave at a discontinuity in the [[transmission line]].<ref name=1037C>[[Federal Standard 1037C]] (1996). Online at [http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm bldrdoc.gov]</ref>

			The probability that a portion of a [[communications system]], such as a line, [[telecommunication circuit\|circuit]], [[channel (communications)\|channel]] or [[Trunking\|trunk]], will meet specified performance criteria is also sometimes called the "transmission coefficient" of that portion of the system.<ref name=1037C/> The value of the transmission coefficient is inversely related to the quality of the line, circuit, channel or trunk.

			==Chemistry==
			In [[chemistry]], the '''transmission coefficient''' is a state of [[1 (number)\|unity]] for monomolecular reactions.{{Clarify\|date=February 2009}} It appears in the [[Eyring equation]].{{Clarify\|date=February 2009}}

			== References ==
			{{reflist}}

			[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]
			[[Category:Geometrical optics]]
			[[Category:Physical optics]]
			[[Category:Fiber-optic communications]]

en>VolkovBot: r2.7.2) (Robot: Adding he:Dead-end elimination

2012-07-31T10:48:51Z

r2.7.2) (Robot: Adding he:Dead-end elimination

New page

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