Einstein solid - Revision history

en>Yobot: WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes using AWB (10471)

2014-09-25T06:40:08Z

WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes using AWB (10471)

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:40, 25 September 2014
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86.8.131.222: /* Heat capacity (canonical ensemble) */

2014-02-16T17:03:49Z

Heat capacity (canonical ensemble)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:03, 16 February 2014
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	[~~[File~~:~~Peracid Acid General Formulae V.1~~.~~png\|right\|thumb\|160px\|General formulae of an organic peroxy acid (top) compared with a carboxylic acid (bottom)~~.]]		I woke up [http://www.banburycrossonline.com 2014 luke bryan tour] the other day and [http://www.britannica.com/search?query=realized+- realized -] I have also been solitary for some time now and after much intimidation from friends I today locate myself signed-up for web dating. They guaranteed me that there are plenty of standard, sweet and fun people to meet, so the pitch is gone by here!<br>My family and friends are amazing and hanging out together at tavern gigabytes or dinners is always essential. I have [http://www.senatorwonderling.com cheap tickets to luke bryan] never been into cabarets as I realize that you could not own a significant dialogue with all the noise. In addition, I got two definitely cheeky and very cute canines that are almost always enthusiastic to meet fresh folks.<br>I attempt to maintain as physically fit as possible being [http://lukebryantickets.iczmpbangladesh.org luke bryan concert] at the fitness center many times a week. I appreciate my athletics and strive to play or view as several a potential. Being winter I am going to frequently at Hawthorn matches. Note: I've experienced the carnage of wrestling suits at stocktake revenue, If you really contemplated buying a hobby I really do not mind.<br><br>Look at my site; [http://lukebryantickets.flicense.com luke bryan tickets go on sale]
	~~A '''peroxy acid''' (often spelled as one word, '''peroxyacid''', and sometimes called '''peracid''') is an [[acid]] which contains an acidic -OOH group.~~ ~~The two main classes are those derived from conventional mineral acids, especially sulfuric acid,~~ and ~~the organic derivatives of carboxylic acids. They are generally strong~~ [~~[oxidizer]]s.~~

	~~==Inorganic peroxy acids==~~
	~~{{main\|Peroxymonosulfuric acid}}~~
	[[Peroxymonosulfuric acid]] (Caro's acid) is probably the most important inorganic peracid, at least in terms of the scale.<ref>{{Ullmann \| author = Harald Jakob et al. \| title = Peroxy Compounds, Inorganic \| doi = 10.1002/~~14356007~~.~~a19_177~~.~~pub2}}<~~/~~ref> It is used~~ for ~~the bleaching of [[pulp (paper)\|pulp]]~~ and for ~~the detoxification~~ of ~~cyanide in~~ the ~~mining industry. It~~ is ~~produced~~ by ~~treating sulfuric acid with [[hydrogen peroxide]]. Peroxyphosphoric acid (H~~<~~sub~~>~~3</sub>PO<sub>5</sub>)~~ is ~~prepared similarly~~.

	~~==Organic peracids==~~
	~~Several organic peroxyacids are commercially useful.<ref>{{Ullmann \| author = Herbert Klenk, Peter H. Götz, Rainer Siegmeier, Wilfried Mayr \| title = Peroxy Compounds, Organic \| doi = 10.1002~~/~~14356007~~.~~a19_199}}</ref> They can be prepared in several ways~~. ~~Most commonly, peracids are generated by treating the corresponding [[carboxylic acid]~~] with ~~hydrogen peroxide:~~
	~~:RCO<sub>2</sub>H + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math> RCO<sub>3</sub>H + H<sub>2</sub>O~~
	~~A related reaction involves treatment of~~ the ~~carboxylic anhydride:~~
	~~:(RCO)<sub>2</sub>O + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> → RCO<sub>3</sub>H + RCO<sub>2</sub>H~~
	~~This method is popular for converting cyclic anhydrides~~ to ~~the corresponding monoperoxyacids, for example monoperoxyphthalic acid~~.<br>
	~~The third method involves treatment of~~ [~~[acid chloride]]s:~~
	:~~RC(O)Cl + H<sub>2<~~/~~sub>O<sub>2<~~/~~sub> → RCO<sub>3</sub>H + HCl~~
	~~[[Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid\|''meta''-chloroperoxybenzoic acid~~]~~] (mCPBA) is prepared in this way.~~

	~~===Properties and uses===~~
	~~Peroxycarboxylic acids are about 1000x weaker than the parent carboxylic acid, owing the absence of resonance stabilization of~~ the ~~anion. For similar reasons, their pK<sub>~~a~~</sub>s tend also to be relatively insensitive to the substituent R~~.

	~~The largest use of organic peroxy acids is for the conversion of alkenes~~ to ~~epoxides~~. ~~Certain cyclic ketones are converted~~ to ~~the ring-expanded esters using peracids in a [[Baeyer-Villiger oxidation]]~~. ~~They are also used for~~ the ~~oxidation~~ of ~~[[amine]]s and [[thioether]]s to [[amine oxide]]s and [[sulfoxide]]s. The laboratory applications of the valued reagent [[mCPBA]] illustrate these reactions. It is used as~~ a ~~[[reagent]] in the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and in oxidation of [[carbon]]-carbon [[double bond]]s in [[alkene]]s to generate [[epoxide]]s (oxiranes)~~. ~~Reaction of peroxycarboxylic acids with acid chlorides affords diacyl peroxides:~~
	~~:RC(O)Cl + RC~~<~~sub~~>2<~~/sub~~>~~O<sub>2</sub>H → (RCO)<sub>2<~~/~~sub>O<sub>2<~~/~~sub> + HCl~~

	~~==See also==~~
	* [[Organic peroxide]]
	* [[Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid]]
	* [[Peracetic acid]]
	* [[Peroxyacyl nitrates]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~<references/>~~

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:Peroxy Acid}}~~
	~~[[Category:Oxidizing agents]]~~
	~~[[Category:Peroxy acids]]~~
	~~[[Category:Functional groups]~~]

192.76.7.207: /* Heat capacity (canonical ensemble) */

2014-01-14T17:37:26Z

Heat capacity (canonical ensemble)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:37, 14 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Hi there~~. ~~Let me start by introducing~~ the author, ~~her title is Sophia~~. ~~Invoicing is my occupation~~. ~~Her family life in Ohio~~. ~~The favorite pastime~~ for ~~him~~ and ~~his children~~ is ~~to perform lacross and he'll be starting something else alongside~~ with it.<br><br>~~Feel free to visit my blog~~ [~~http~~://~~www~~.~~max-roach.com~~/~~mochatest~~/~~groups~~/~~provide~~-a-~~little~~-~~lift~~-in-~~your-garden-~~with-~~this-advice~~/ ~~love psychic readings~~]		[[File:Peracid Acid General Formulae V.1.png\|right\|thumb\|160px\|General formulae of an organic peroxy acid (top) compared with a carboxylic acid (bottom).]]
			A '''peroxy acid''' (often spelled as one word, '''peroxyacid''', and sometimes called '''peracid''') is an [[acid]] which contains an acidic -OOH group. The two main classes are those derived from conventional mineral acids, especially sulfuric acid, and the organic derivatives of carboxylic acids. They are generally strong [[oxidizer]]s.

			==Inorganic peroxy acids==
			{{main\|Peroxymonosulfuric acid}}
			[[Peroxymonosulfuric acid]] (Caro's acid) is probably the most important inorganic peracid, at least in terms of the scale.<ref>{{Ullmann \| author = Harald Jakob et al. \| title = Peroxy Compounds, Inorganic \| doi = 10.1002/14356007.a19_177.pub2}}</ref> It is used for the bleaching of [[pulp (paper)\|pulp]] and for the detoxification of cyanide in the mining industry. It is produced by treating sulfuric acid with [[hydrogen peroxide]]. Peroxyphosphoric acid (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>5</sub>) is prepared similarly.

			==Organic peracids==
			Several organic peroxyacids are commercially useful.<ref>{{Ullmann \| author = Herbert Klenk, Peter H. Götz, Rainer Siegmeier, Wilfried Mayr \| title = Peroxy Compounds, Organic \| doi = 10.1002/14356007.a19_199}}</ref> They can be prepared in several ways. Most commonly, peracids are generated by treating the corresponding [[carboxylic acid]] with hydrogen peroxide:
			:RCO<sub>2</sub>H + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math> RCO<sub>3</sub>H + H<sub>2</sub>O
			A related reaction involves treatment of the carboxylic anhydride:
			:(RCO)<sub>2</sub>O + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> → RCO<sub>3</sub>H + RCO<sub>2</sub>H
			This method is popular for converting cyclic anhydrides to the corresponding monoperoxyacids, for example monoperoxyphthalic acid.<br>
			The third method involves treatment of [[acid chloride]]s:
			:RC(O)Cl + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> → RCO<sub>3</sub>H + HCl
			[[Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid\|''meta''-chloroperoxybenzoic acid]] (mCPBA) is prepared in this way.

			===Properties and uses===
			Peroxycarboxylic acids are about 1000x weaker than the parent carboxylic acid, owing the absence of resonance stabilization of the anion. For similar reasons, their pK<sub>a</sub>s tend also to be relatively insensitive to the substituent R.

			The largest use of organic peroxy acids is for the conversion of alkenes to epoxides. Certain cyclic ketones are converted to the ring-expanded esters using peracids in a [[Baeyer-Villiger oxidation]]. They are also used for the oxidation of [[amine]]s and [[thioether]]s to [[amine oxide]]s and [[sulfoxide]]s. The laboratory applications of the valued reagent [[mCPBA]] illustrate these reactions. It is used as a [[reagent]] in the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and in oxidation of [[carbon]]-carbon [[double bond]]s in [[alkene]]s to generate [[epoxide]]s (oxiranes). Reaction of peroxycarboxylic acids with acid chlorides affords diacyl peroxides:
			:RC(O)Cl + RC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>H → (RCO)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> + HCl

			==See also==
			* [[Organic peroxide]]
			* [[Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid]]
			* [[Peracetic acid]]
			* [[Peroxyacyl nitrates]]

			==References==
			<references/>

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Peroxy Acid}}
			[[Category:Oxidizing agents]]
			[[Category:Peroxy acids]]
			[[Category:Functional groups]]

en>Omnipaedista: per MOS

2012-07-26T02:08:52Z

per MOS

New page

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