Indentation hardness - Revision history

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2014-10-17T13:11:24Z

See also

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	~~'''CRC-based framing''' is a kind of [[frame synchronization]] used in [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode]] (ATM)~~ and ~~other similar protocols.~~		I woke up last week and realized [http://lukebryantickets.pyhgy.com luke bryan Tour tickets 2014] - Now I have been solitary for a while and following much intimidation from pals I now locate myself signed up for on line dating. They assured me that there are lots of sweet, ordinary and entertaining visitors to meet, therefore the pitch is gone by here!<br>My household and friends are awe-inspiring and spending some time together at pub gigs or dinners is obviously critical. As I discover luke bryan tickets ([http://www.museodecarruajes.org linked internet site]) you could not own a decent dialogue together with the noise I have never been into night clubs. I likewise got two really cute and unquestionably cheeky dogs that are almost always keen to meet [http://minioasis.com luke bryan is from where] up new folks.<br>I make an effort to stay as toned as possible staying at the gymnasium several-times a week. I appreciate my athletics and [http://answers.Yahoo.com/search/search_result?p=endeavor&submit-go=Search+Y!+Answers endeavor] to play or watch while many a possible. I am going to regularly at Hawthorn suits being wintertime. Note: Supposing that you really contemplated buying an activity I really don't mind, I have seen the carnage of fumbling matches at stocktake sales.<br><br><br><br>Check out my webpage :: [http://lukebryantickets.neodga.com luke bryan tour schedule 2014]

	~~The concept of '''CRC-based framing''' was developed by [~~[StrataCom]], Inc. in order to improve the efficiency of a pre-standard [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode]] (ATM) link protocol. This technology was ultimately used in the principal link protocols of ATM itself and was one of the most significant developments of StrataCom. An advanced version of CRC-based framing was used in the [[ITU]]-T SG15 G.7041 [[Generic Framing Procedure]] (GFP), which itself is used in several packet link protocols.

	~~==Overview of CRC-based framing==~~
	The method of CRC-Based framing re-uses the header [[cyclic redundancy check]] (CRC), which is present in ATM and other similar protocols, to provide framing on the link with no additional overhead. In ATM, this field is known as the Header Error Control/Check (HEC) field. It consists of the remainder of the division of the 32 bits of the header by the [[polynomial]] <math>x^8+x^2+x+1</math>. The pattern 01010101 is XORed with the 8-bit remainder before being inserted in the last octet of the header.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://~~www~~.~~ipmplsforum~~.~~org/ftp/pub/approved-specs/af-uni-0010.001.rtf \|title=ATM User-Network Interface Specification V3.0 \|accessdate=2007-09-17}}</ref>~~

	~~Constantly checked as data is transmitted, this scheme is able to correct single-bit errors and detect many multiple-bit errors.{{Clarify\|reason=does "this" refer to "[[cyclic redundancy check~~]~~]" or to "CRC~~-based framing"? Does any real ATM implementation actually correct single-bit errors with "this scheme", or is CRC used only to detect and reject erroneous frames, like nearly all other CRC applications?\|date=April 2013}}
	~~For~~ a ~~tutorial~~ and ~~an example of computing the CRC see [[mathematics of cyclic redundancy checks]].~~

	~~The header CRC/HEC is needed~~ for ~~another purpose within an ATM system, to improve the robustness in cell delivery~~. ~~Using this same CRC/HEC field for the second purpose~~ of ~~link framing provided a significant improvement in link efficiency over what other methods of framing~~, ~~because no additional bits were required for this second purpose.~~

	A receiver utilizing CRC-based framing bit-shifts along the received bit stream until it finds a bit position where the header CRC is correct for a number of times. The receiver then declares that it has found the frame. A hysteresis function is applied to ~~keep the receiver in lock in~~ the ~~presence of a moderate error rate.~~

	~~In links where there~~ is ~~already a byte lock mechanism present such as within an [[E~~-~~carrier]]~~ or ~~[[Synchronous optical networking\|SDH]] frame, the receiver need only byte-shift (rather than of bit-shifting) along the receive data stream to find lock.~~

	~~==Length/HEC-Based Framing==~~
	~~An advanced, variable frame size version of CRC-Based framing~~ is ~~used in [[ITU]]-T SG15 G~~.~~7041~~ [~~[Generic Framing Procedure\|GFP]] links where it is known as Length~~/~~HEC-based framing. An offset to the next valid header is present in a fixed position relative to the CRC~~/~~HEC. The receiver looks for a position in the receive data stream following the rules that the header CRC/HEC is correct and the byte offset correctly points to the next valid header CRC/HEC~~.

	~~==Invention of CRC-based framing==~~

	~~StrataCom produced the first (pre-standard) ATM commercial product, the [[IPX]]~~. ~~The IPX used 24 [[byte~~]] cells instead of ATM's 53 byte cells, and the field definitions were slightly different, but the basic idea of using short, fixed length cells was identical. StrataCom's first product had T1 (1.544 Mbit/s) ~~based links which included a 5 bit header CRC, similar to ATM's 8 bit header CRC.~~

	~~[[T-carrier\|T1]] is~~ a ~~[[time-division multiplexing]] (TDM) protocol~~ with ~~24 byte payloads carried in a 193 bit frame. The first bit of each frame carries one bit out of a special pattern. A receiver finds this special pattern by sequentially looking for~~ the ~~bit position in the receive data where a bit from this pattern shows up every 193rd byte~~. ~~It was convenient for StrataCom to make the length of one cell equal~~ to ~~the length of one T1 frame<ref>~~[http://~~www.google~~.com~~/patents?id=3W4uAAAAEBAJ&dq=4771425 Previous Stratacom patent using DS-1's framing~~]<~~/ref~~>
	because a useful T1 framer [[Integrated Circuit]] from [[Rockwell International\|Rockwell]] was on the market. This device found the 193 bit long TDM frame and put out the 24 bytes in a form that could be used effectively.

	~~When it came time~~ to ~~produce a [[Europe]]an product,~~ the ~~benefit of using 24 byte frames became a liability. The European [[T~~-~~carrier]] (E1) format has~~ a ~~32 byte frame of which 30 bytes could carry data~~. The development team's first proposal used the [[HDLC]] protocol to encapsulate a sequence of 24 byte cells into a byte stream collected from the 30 byte E1 payloads. This was highly inefficient because HDLC has a heavy and ~~data-dependent overhead. The project team subsequently realized they could base the framing on the CRC.<ref>~~[http://~~www~~.~~google~~.com/~~patents~~?id=~~A9YkAAAAEBAJ~~&dq=~~5072449 Original Stratacom CRC-based framing patent~~]~~</ref> A circuit was designed which examined the incoming byte stream emerging from the E1 framer device and found~~ a ~~byte position for which the header CRC value was consistently correct~~. ~~This team also went on~~ to ~~create a more error tolerant form~~ of ~~the technique~~.<~~ref~~>~~[http://www.google.com/patents?id=aAckAAAAEBAJ&dq=5128945 More error tolerant Stratacom CRC-based framing patent]~~<~~/ref~~>

	~~A related technique was patented in 1984. That technique uses the CRC to find the start of 50 bit frames composed of a 36 bit data payload, a 13 bit CRC, and a single 1 bit start-of-frame indicator.~~<~~ref~~>
	[http://www.wikipatents.com/4468770.html "A data receiver ... to detect successive 50-bit frames of data which are transmitted without any pause between frames and with a start bit value of 1 as the only start-of-frame indication."]
	<~~/ref~~>

	~~==Notes and references==~~
	~~{{reflist\|2}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	* [http:~~//www.itu.int/ITU-T/ Official ITU-T website]~~
	* [http://~~www~~.~~itu~~.~~int/ITU-T/publications/recs.html List of all ITU-T Recommendations]~~

	~~[[Category:Network protocols]~~]

en>Flyer22: Reverted 1 edit by 97.90.102.154 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

2013-09-20T22:10:28Z

Reverted 1 edit by 97.90.102.154 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:10, 21 September 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Luke Bryan~~ is a ~~superstar inside the generating and also the job advancement initially 2nd to his third stadium record, & , is definitely the evidence. He burst on the scene in 2009 along with his unique mixture~~ of ~~downward-house ease of access, motion picture superstar good looks and words, is placed t in a key way. The latest album Top~~ in ~~the nation graph or chart~~ and ~~#2 about the burst maps, generating it the second top very first at that time of 2009 for any land artist~~. ~~<br><br>~~		'''CRC-based framing''' is a kind of [[frame synchronization]] used in [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode]] (ATM) and other similar protocols.

	The ~~kid~~ of a ~~, understands patience~~ and ~~willpower are important elements~~ in ~~relation to an excellent career~~- . ~~His initial recording~~, ~~Stay Me~~, ~~created~~ the ~~very best strikes “All My Buddies Say” and “Country Man~~,~~” when his hard tickets for luke bryan~~ - [http://www.~~netpaw~~.org ~~netpaw~~.~~org~~], ~~work~~, ~~Doin’ Issue~~, ~~identified~~ the ~~performer~~-a ~~few directly No~~. ~~2 single men~~ and ~~women: More Phoning Is~~ a ~~Wonderful Factor~~.”<~~br><br~~>[http://~~lukebryantickets~~.~~asiapak~~.~~net eric church tour dates~~] ~~During~~ the ~~drop of 2012, Concert tour: Bryan &~~ that ~~had~~ an ~~impressive list~~ of ~~, including Urban~~. ~~“It’s almost like you’re obtaining~~ a ~~acceptance to visit~~ to a ~~higher level, states individuals musicians that have been~~ a ~~part of~~ the ~~Concert toursaround into~~ a ~~larger sized amount of artists~~.~~” It wrapped as one~~ of the ~~best~~ ~~trips in its ten~~-~~year background~~.<br><br>~~My weblog;~~ [http://~~okkyunglee~~.~~com luke bryan concert tours~~]		The concept of '''CRC-based framing''' was developed by [[StrataCom]], Inc. in order to improve the efficiency of a pre-standard [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode]] (ATM) link protocol. This technology was ultimately used in the principal link protocols of ATM itself and was one of the most significant developments of StrataCom. An advanced version of CRC-based framing was used in the [[ITU]]-T SG15 G.7041 [[Generic Framing Procedure]] (GFP), which itself is used in several packet link protocols.

			==Overview of CRC-based framing==
			The method of CRC-Based framing re-uses the header [[cyclic redundancy check]] (CRC), which is present in ATM and other similar protocols, to provide framing on the link with no additional overhead. In ATM, this field is known as the Header Error Control/Check (HEC) field. It consists of the remainder of the division of the 32 bits of the header by the [[polynomial]] <math>x^8+x^2+x+1</math>. The pattern 01010101 is XORed with the 8-bit remainder before being inserted in the last octet of the header.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.ipmplsforum.org/ftp/pub/approved-specs/af-uni-0010.001.rtf \|title=ATM User-Network Interface Specification V3.0 \|accessdate=2007-09-17}}</ref>

			Constantly checked as data is transmitted, this scheme is able to correct single-bit errors and detect many multiple-bit errors.{{Clarify\|reason=does "this" refer to "[[cyclic redundancy check]]" or to "CRC-based framing"? Does any real ATM implementation actually correct single-bit errors with "this scheme", or is CRC used only to detect and reject erroneous frames, like nearly all other CRC applications?\|date=April 2013}}
			For a tutorial and an example of computing the CRC see [[mathematics of cyclic redundancy checks]].

			The header CRC/HEC is needed for another purpose within an ATM system, to improve the robustness in cell delivery. Using this same CRC/HEC field for the second purpose of link framing provided a significant improvement in link efficiency over what other methods of framing, because no additional bits were required for this second purpose.

			A receiver utilizing CRC-based framing bit-shifts along the received bit stream until it finds a bit position where the header CRC is correct for a number of times. The receiver then declares that it has found the frame. A hysteresis function is applied to keep the receiver in lock in the presence of a moderate error rate.

			In links where there is already a byte lock mechanism present such as within an [[E-carrier]] or [[Synchronous optical networking\|SDH]] frame, the receiver need only byte-shift (rather than of bit-shifting) along the receive data stream to find lock.

			==Length/HEC-Based Framing==
			An advanced, variable frame size version of CRC-Based framing is used in [[ITU]]-T SG15 G.7041 [[Generic Framing Procedure\|GFP]] links where it is known as Length/HEC-based framing. An offset to the next valid header is present in a fixed position relative to the CRC/HEC. The receiver looks for a position in the receive data stream following the rules that the header CRC/HEC is correct and the byte offset correctly points to the next valid header CRC/HEC.

			==Invention of CRC-based framing==

			StrataCom produced the first (pre-standard) ATM commercial product, the [[IPX]]. The IPX used 24 [[byte]] cells instead of ATM's 53 byte cells, and the field definitions were slightly different, but the basic idea of using short, fixed length cells was identical. StrataCom's first product had T1 (1.544 Mbit/s) based links which included a 5 bit header CRC, similar to ATM's 8 bit header CRC.

			[[T-carrier\|T1]] is a [[time-division multiplexing]] (TDM) protocol with 24 byte payloads carried in a 193 bit frame. The first bit of each frame carries one bit out of a special pattern. A receiver finds this special pattern by sequentially looking for the bit position in the receive data where a bit from this pattern shows up every 193rd byte. It was convenient for StrataCom to make the length of one cell equal to the length of one T1 frame<ref>[http://www.google.com/patents?id=3W4uAAAAEBAJ&dq=4771425 Previous Stratacom patent using DS-1's framing]</ref>
			because a useful T1 framer [[Integrated Circuit]] from [[Rockwell International\|Rockwell]] was on the market. This device found the 193 bit long TDM frame and put out the 24 bytes in a form that could be used effectively.

			When it came time to produce a [[Europe]]an product, the benefit of using 24 byte frames became a liability. The European [[T-carrier]] (E1) format has a 32 byte frame of which 30 bytes could carry data. The development team's first proposal used the [[HDLC]] protocol to encapsulate a sequence of 24 byte cells into a byte stream collected from the 30 byte E1 payloads. This was highly inefficient because HDLC has a heavy and data-dependent overhead. The project team subsequently realized they could base the framing on the CRC.<ref>[http://www.google.com/patents?id=A9YkAAAAEBAJ&dq=5072449 Original Stratacom CRC-based framing patent]</ref> A circuit was designed which examined the incoming byte stream emerging from the E1 framer device and found a byte position for which the header CRC value was consistently correct. This team also went on to create a more error tolerant form of the technique.<ref>[http://www.google.com/patents?id=aAckAAAAEBAJ&dq=5128945 More error tolerant Stratacom CRC-based framing patent]</ref>

			A related technique was patented in 1984. That technique uses the CRC to find the start of 50 bit frames composed of a 36 bit data payload, a 13 bit CRC, and a single 1 bit start-of-frame indicator.<ref>
			[http://www.wikipatents.com/4468770.html "A data receiver ... to detect successive 50-bit frames of data which are transmitted without any pause between frames and with a start bit value of 1 as the only start-of-frame indication."]
			</ref>

			==Notes and references==
			{{reflist\|2}}

			==External links==
			* [http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ Official ITU-T website]
			* [http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/publications/recs.html List of all ITU-T Recommendations]

			[[Category:Network protocols]]

en>Helpful Pixie Bot: Fixed header External Links => External links (Build KE)

2012-05-10T01:14:18Z

Fixed header External Links => External links (Build KE)

New page

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