Representativeness heuristic - Revision history

en>BreakfastJr: Cosmetic changes, including straightening curly apostrophes (in accordance with MOS:PUNCT)

2014-12-18T14:07:34Z

Cosmetic changes, including straightening curly apostrophes (in accordance with MOS:PUNCT)

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:07, 18 December 2014
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99.233.3.62: /* References */

2014-02-10T22:38:22Z

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91.85.41.151 at 15:25, 7 January 2014

2014-01-07T15:25:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:25, 7 January 2014
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	The ~~author~~'s ~~name~~ is ~~Lauren~~. ~~After being involving his task for years he became~~ a ~~average control~~ and ~~order filler but she~~'s ~~already signed another i~~. ~~To play golf~~ is ~~one~~ of ~~many things Good most~~. ~~Years ago we moved~~ to ~~Georgia what goes on don~~'~~t intending on changing it then~~. ~~I am running~~ and ~~maintaining~~ a ~~blog here~~: ~~http~~://m.~~scalarenergypendants~~.~~com~~/<br><br>~~Also visit my web-site;~~ [http://m.~~scalarenergypendants~~.com/ ~~Quantum Pendant Fake~~]		{{Infobox Polygon
			\| name = Isosceles trapezoid
			\| image = Isosceles trapezoid.svg
			\| caption = Isosceles trapezoid with axis of symmetry
			\| type = [[quadrilateral]], [[trapezoid]]
			\| edges = 4
			\| symmetry = [[Dihedral symmetry\|Dih<sub>2</sub>]], [ ], (*), order 2
			\| schläfli =
			\| wythoff =
			\| coxeter =
			\| area =
			\| dual = [[Kite (geometry)\|Kite]]
			\| properties = [[convex polygon\|convex]], [[Cyclic polygon\|cyclic]]
			}}

			In [[Euclidean geometry]], an '''isosceles trapezoid''' ('''isosceles trapezium''' in [[British English]]) is a [[convex polygon\|convex]] [[quadrilateral]] with a line of [[symmetry]] bisecting one pair of opposite sides, making it automatically a [[trapezoid]]. Some sources would qualify this with the exception: "excluding rectangles." Two opposite sides (the bases) are [[Parallel (geometry)\|parallel]], and the two other sides (the legs) are of equal length (a property shared by the isosceles trapezoid and by the [[parallelogram]]). The diagonals are also of equal length. The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are equal in measure (there are in fact two pairs of equal base angles, where one base angle is the [[supplementary angle]] of a base angle at the other base).

			Any non-self-crossing quadrilateral with exactly one axis of symmetry must be either an isosceles trapezoid or a [[kite (geometry)\|kite]].<ref name="esg"/> However, if crossings are allowed, the set of symmetric quadrilaterals must be expanded to include also the [[antiparallelogram]]s, crossed quadrilaterals in which opposite sides have equal length. Every antiparallelogram has an isosceles trapezoid as its convex hull, and may be formed from the diagonals and non-parallel sides of an isosceles trapezoid.<ref>{{citation \|title=The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia \|first1=William Dwight \|last1=Whitney \|first2= Benjamin Eli \|last2=Smith \|publisher=The Century co. \|year=1911 \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ownpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1547 \|page=1547}}.</ref>
			The isosceles trapezoid is also (rarely) known as a '''symtra''' because of its symmetry.<ref name="esg">{{citation \|title=Elementary Synthetic Geometry \|first=George Bruce \|last=Halsted \|publisher=J. Wiley & sons \|year=1896 \|contribution=Chapter XIV. Symmetrical Quadrilaterals \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H3ALAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49 \|pages=49–53 \|authorlink=G. B. Halsted}}.</ref>

			==Special cases==
			Examples of isosceles trapezoids (under the [[Trapezoids#Definition\|inclusive definition]] of trapezoids) are [[rectangle]]s and [[Square (geometry)\|square]]s.

			==Characterizations==
			If a quadrilateral is known to be a [[trapezoid]], it is not necessary to check that the legs have the same length in order to know that it is an isosceles trapezoid; any of the following properties also distinguishes an isosceles trapezoid from other trapezoids:
			*The diagonals have the same length.
			*The base angles have the same measure.
			*An isosceles triangle is formed by the base and the extensions of the legs. (<small>Rectangles are excluded here.</small>)
			*The segment that joins the midpoints of the parallel sides is perpendicular to them.
			*Opposite angles are supplementary, which in turn implies that isosceles trapezoids are [[cyclic quadrilateral]]s.
			*The diagonals divide each other into segments with lengths that are pairwise equal; in terms of the picture below, {{nowrap\|''AE'' {{=}} ''DE''}}, {{nowrap\|''BE'' {{=}} ''CE''}} (and {{nowrap\|''AE'' ≠ ''CE''}} if one wishes to exclude rectangles).

			If rectangles are included in the class of trapezoids then one may concisely define an isosceles trapezoid as "a cyclic quadrilateral with equal diagonals"<ref>[http://mzone.mweb.co.za/residents/profmd/classify.pdf Mzone.mweb.co.za]</ref> or as "a cyclic quadrilateral with a pair of parallel sides."

			==Angles==
			In an isosceles trapezoid the base angles have the same measure pairwise. In the picture below, angles ∠''ABC'' and ∠''DCB'' are [[Angle#Types of angles\|obtuse]] angles of the same measure, while angles ∠''BAD'' and ∠''CDA'' are [[Angle#Types of angles\|acute angle]]s, also of the same measure.

			Since the lines ''AD'' and ''BC'' are parallel, angles adjacent to opposite bases are [[Supplementary angles\|supplementary]], that is, angles {{nowrap\|&ang;''ABC'' + &ang;''BAD'' {{=}} 180°.}}

			==Diagonals and height==
			[[Image:Isoscelestriangle2.svg\|thumb\|350px\|right\|Another isosceles trapezoid.]]
			The [[diagonal]]s of an isosceles trapezoid have the same length; that is, every isosceles trapezoid is an [[equidiagonal quadrilateral]]. Moreover, the diagonals divide each other in the same proportions. As pictured, the diagonals ''AC'' and ''BD'' have the same length ({{nowrap\|''AC'' {{=}} ''BD''}}) and divide each other into segments of the same length ({{nowrap\|''AE'' {{=}} ''DE''}} and {{nowrap\|''BE'' {{=}} ''CE''}}).

			The [[ratio]] in which each diagonal is divided is equal to the ratio of the lengths of the parallel sides that they intersect, that is,
			:<math>\frac{AE}{EC} = \frac{DE}{EB} = \frac{AD}{BC}.</math>

			The length of each diagonal is, according to [[Ptolemy's theorem]], given by
			:<math>p=\sqrt{ab+c^2}</math>

			where ''a'' and ''b'' are the lengths of the parallel sides ''AD'' and ''BC'', and ''c'' is the length of each leg ''AB'' and ''CD''.

			The height is, according to the [[Pythagorean theorem]], given by
			:<math>h=\sqrt{p^2-\left(\frac{a+b}{2}\right)^2}=\tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{4c^2-(a-b)^2}.</math>

			The distance from point ''E'' to base ''AD'' is given by
			:<math>d=\frac{ah}{a+b}</math>
			where ''a'' and ''b'' are the lengths of the parallel sides ''AD'' and ''BC'', and ''h'' is the height of the trapezoid.

			==Area==
			The area of an isosceles (or any) trapezoid is equal to the average of the lengths of the base and top (''the parallel sides'') times the height. In the diagram to the right, if we write {{nowrap\|''AD'' {{=}} ''a''}}, and {{nowrap\|''BC'' {{=}} ''b''}}, and the height ''h'' is the length of a line segment between ''AD'' and ''BC'' that is perpendicular to them, then the area ''K'' is given as follows:
			:<math>K=\frac{h\left(a+b\right)}{2}.</math>

			If instead of the height of the trapezoid, the length of the leg ''AB'' = ''c'' is known, then the area can be computed using the formula
			:<math>K = \sqrt{(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)^2}</math>,

			where <math>s = \tfrac{1}{2}(a + b + 2c)</math> is the semiperimeter of the trapezoid. This formula is analogous to [[Heron's formula]] to compute the area of a triangle. The previous formula for area can also be written as
			:<math>K= \sqrt{\frac{(a+b)^2(a-b+2c)(b-a+2c)}{16}}.</math>

			==Circumradius==
			The radius in the circumcribed circle is given by
			:<math>R=c\sqrt{\frac{ab+c^2}{4c^2-(a-b)^2}}.</math>

			In a [[rectangle]] where ''a'' = ''b'' this is simplified to <math>R=\tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{a^2+c^2}</math>.

			==See also==

			*[[Tangential trapezoid#Isosceles tangential trapezoid\|Isosceles tangential trapezoid]]

			== References ==
			{{reflist}}

			==External links==
			*[http://www.efunda.com/math/areas/IsosTrapazoid.cfm Some engineering formulas involving isosceles trapezoids]

			[[Category:Quadrilaterals]]
			[[Category:Polygons]]

			[[bg:Трапец]]
			[[pl:Trapez równoramienny]]

en>Hqb: linking, fmt

2012-08-02T15:10:49Z

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