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2014-09-11T03:40:32Z

Reverted 1 edit by Weirdname1245689 (talk) to last revision by Monkbot. (TW)

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	[~~[File~~:~~Hydrogen PES 95eV 1e15~~.~~png\|350px\|thumb\| The angle integrated photoelectron spectrum resulting from a laser interacting with a Hydrogen atom~~. ~~The x axis marks the electron kinetic energies~~ <~~math~~>~~E_k~~<~~/math~~> in ~~[[electronvolt\|eV]], whilst the y axis is the differential probability~~. The first ~~three Above threshold ionization peaks are visible from~~ the ~~image. ]]~~		You can't change whether heart disease runs in your family, but you can take steps to control other risk factors.<br>Several years ago, surgeons realized that when they performed weight-loss surgery to reduce the stomach's capacity, some people were able to go off insulin or other diabetes medications within days of surgery. The type of bariatric surgery procedure appears to be one of the main factors that affect diabetes [http://www.answers.com/topic/resolution resolution]. <br><br>Gastric bypass surgery leads to diabetes resolution very quickly in many patients even before significant weight loss has been realized. The procedure effectively bypasses the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) which does not "see" food any longer, leading to hormonal changes that affect insulin secretion and sensitivity.<br>Other common bariatric procedures such as the gastric sleeve or gastric banding also lead to improvement of diabetes but have been shown to be less effective than the gastric bypass.<br><br>Besides the type of bariatric procedure, other determinants of diabetes resolution after surgery include how long the patient has had diabetes and the level of treatment required. The longer diabetes has been present and the more medications required to control it, the less likely its resolution becomes after weight loss surgery.<br><br>Still, the majority of patients benefit from bariatric or metabolic surgery which represents the only currently available cure for diabetes.<br><br>Diabetes is a [http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb] disorder of metabolism--the way our bodies use digested food for energy. Most of the food we eat is broken down into glucose. Glucose is the body's main source of fuel. After digestion, glucose enters the bloodstream and goes to cells throughout the body where it is used for energy.<br>Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, must be present to allow glucose to enter the cells. <br>The pancreas automatically produces the right amount of insulin to move glucose from blood into the cells. Diabetes [http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb cheap ugg boots] occurs when the pancreas does not make enough insulin, or the cells in the muscles, liver, and fat do not use insulin properly, or both. [http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb] As a result, the amount of glucose in the blood increases and the cells are starved of energy.<br><br>Having diabetes or prediabetes puts you at increased risk for heart disease and stroke. You can lower your risk by keeping your blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol close to the recommended target numbers suggested by diabetes experts for good health.<br>Over time, high blood glucose levels damage nerves and blood vessels, leading to complications such as heart disease and stroke, the leading causes of death among people with diabetes. Uncontrolled diabetes can eventually lead to other health problems as well, [http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb discount ugg boots] such as vision loss, kidney failure, and amputations.<br><br>Central obesity means carrying extra weight around the waist, as opposed to the hips. A waist measurement of more than 40 inches for men and more than 35 inches for women means you have central obesity. Your risk of heart disease is higher because abdominal fat can increase the production of LDL (bad) cholesterol, the type of blood fat that can be deposited on the inside of blood vessel walls.<br><br>The majority of diabetic patients do not have to take medications after surgery to control their disease and their blood sugars normalize. This [http://Photobucket.com/images/profound profound] effect of weight loss surgery on diabetes has brought significant enthusiasm among physicians about its positive effect [http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb] on metabolism and has led to the renaming [http://tinyurl.com/kecvhhb ugg boots sale] of the American Society of Bariatric Surgery to the American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery and the introduction of the term metabolic surgery.<br><br>Although you can't change your family's medical history, you can take control of your health by giving your body the fuel it needs for optimum energy levels. If obesity is putting your health at risk, weight loss surgery can resolve Type II Diabetes and help prevent heart disease.

	~~Within [[atomic, molecular, and optical physics]] '''above threshold ionization'''~~ (~~ATI~~), which ~~was first observed in 1979~~,<~~ref~~>{{cite journal\|last=Bashkansky\|first=M.\|coauthors=Bucksbaum, P., Schumacher, D.\|title=Asymmetries in Above-Threshold Ionization\|journal=Physical Review Letters\|date=13 June 1988\|volume=60\|issue=24\|pages=2458–2461\|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.2458\|bibcode=1988PhRvL..60.2458B\|pmid=10038359}}
	* {{cite journal\|last=Agostini\|first=P.\|coauthors=Fabre, F., Mainfray, G., Petite, G., Rahman, N.\|title=Free-Free Transitions Following Six-Photon Ionization of ~~Xenon Atoms\|journal=Physical Review Letters\|date=23 April 1979\|volume=42\|issue=17\|pages=1127–1130\|doi=10~~.~~1103/PhysRevLett.42.1127\|bibcode=1979PhRvL..42.1127A}} The original paper on the discovery~~
	<~~/ref~~> ~~is a [[Photoelectrochemical_processes#Multi-photon_ionization\|multi-photon]] effect where an atom is ionized with more than~~ the ~~required number~~ of ~~photons.<ref name=parker>{{cite journal\|last=Parker\|first=Jonathan\|coauthors=Clark~~, ~~Charles W.\|title=Study~~ of ~~a plane-wave final-state theory of above-threshold ionization~~ and ~~harmonic generation\|journal=Journal of~~ the ~~Optical Society~~ of ~~America B\|date=1 February 1996\|volume=13\|issue=2\|pages=371\|doi=10~~.~~1364/JOSAB.13.000371\|bibcode = 1996JOSAB..13..371P }}</ref>~~

	In the ~~case of ATI the peaks should appear at~~
	~~: <math> E_s = (n + s)\hbar \omega - W~~,~~</math>~~
	~~where~~ the ~~integer~~ <~~math~~>n<~~/math~~> ~~represents~~ the ~~minimum number~~ of ~~photons absorbed and the integer s~~ represents the ~~number of additional photons absorbed~~. <~~math~~>W<~~/math~~> is ~~the~~ [~~[ionization~~ energy~~]] and <math>E_s</math>~~ is the ~~electron kinetic energy~~ of the ~~peak corresponding~~ to ~~s additional photons being absorbed~~.<~~ref name="Drake"~~>~~{{cite book\|editor=Gordon W.F. Drake~~,~~\|title=Springer handbook of atomic~~, ~~molecular, and optical physics\|year=2006\|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media\|location=New York\|isbn=0-387-20802-X\|edition=Updated and expanded}}~~<~~/ref~~>

	~~==Structure==~~
	~~It typically has a very strong maxima at~~ the ~~minimum number~~ of ~~photons~~ to ~~ionize~~ the ~~system, with successive peaks (known as ATI peaks) separated by the photon energy and thus corresponding to higher numbers of photons being absorbed~~.~~<ref name=parker~~/~~><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Cormier\|first=E\|coauthors=Lambropoulos~~, ~~P\|title=Optimal gauge and gauge invariance~~ in ~~non-perturbative time-dependent calculation of above-threshold ionization\|journal=Journal of Physics B: Atomic~~, ~~Molecular~~ and ~~Optical Physics\|date=14 May 1996\|volume=29\|issue=9\|pages=1667–1680\|doi=10~~.~~1088~~/~~0953-4075~~/29/9/~~013\|bibcode = 1996JPhB...29~~.~~1667C }}<~~/~~ref>~~

	~~In the non-perturbative regime the bound states are dressed with the electric field~~, ~~shifting~~ the ~~ionization energy. If the [[ponderomotive energy]]~~ of the ~~field is greater than~~ the ~~photon~~ energy <~~math~~> ~~\omega~~ <~~/math~~> ~~then the first peak disappears~~.~~<ref name="Drake" />~~

	~~==Features from Ultrashort pulses==~~
	~~High intensity [[ultrashort pulse\|Ultrashort laser pulses]]~~ can ~~create ATI features with 20 or more peaks~~.<~~ref name=CormierEtAl~~>~~{{cite journal\|last=Cormier\|first=E\|coauthors=Lambropoulos~~, ~~P\|title=Above-threshold ionization spectrum of hydrogen using B-spline functions\|journal=Journal of Physics B: Atomic~~, ~~Molecular~~ and ~~Optical Physics\|date=14 January 1997\|volume=30\|issue=1\|pages=77–91\|doi=10~~.~~1088~~/~~0953-4075~~/30/~~1/010\|bibcode = 1997JPhB~~...30.~~..77C }}~~<~~/ref~~> The [~~[photoelectron spectrum]~~] of ~~electron energies is continuous since actual light sources contain a spread of energies.~~

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{reflist}}~~

	~~==External links==~~
	* [http://~~www~~.~~physics.ohio-state.edu~~/~~~lvw~~/~~what~~/~~singlee~~/~~singlee.html~~ ~~Above Threshold Ionization photoelectron spectra]~~

	[~~[Category~~:~~Atomic~~, ~~molecular~~, and ~~optical physics\|Atomic]]~~
	~~[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]~~

en>Yobot: /* References */WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes (59) using AWB (9842)

2014-01-08T12:35:23Z

References: WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes (59) using AWB (9842)

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:35, 8 January 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~Hello~~, I'~~m Aiden~~, a ~~20 year old from Baia Sardinia~~, ~~Italy~~.<br>~~My hobbies include~~ (~~but are not limited to~~) ~~Amateur astronomy~~, ~~Billiards~~ and ~~watching American Dad~~.<br><br><br>~~http~~://~~brokerltd~~.~~com~~ - ~~vertical advertising network~~<br><br>~~Here~~ is ~~my blog post ::~~ [http://~~brokerltd~~.~~com~~/~~pub_cpm_network~~.html ~~ads~~]		[[File:Hydrogen PES 95eV 1e15.png\|350px\|thumb\| The angle integrated photoelectron spectrum resulting from a laser interacting with a Hydrogen atom. The x axis marks the electron kinetic energies <math>E_k</math> in [[electronvolt\|eV]], whilst the y axis is the differential probability. The first three Above threshold ionization peaks are visible from the image. ]]

			Within [[atomic, molecular, and optical physics]] '''above threshold ionization''' (ATI), which was first observed in 1979,<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Bashkansky\|first=M.\|coauthors=Bucksbaum, P., Schumacher, D.\|title=Asymmetries in Above-Threshold Ionization\|journal=Physical Review Letters\|date=13 June 1988\|volume=60\|issue=24\|pages=2458–2461\|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.2458\|bibcode=1988PhRvL..60.2458B\|pmid=10038359}}
			* {{cite journal\|last=Agostini\|first=P.\|coauthors=Fabre, F., Mainfray, G., Petite, G., Rahman, N.\|title=Free-Free Transitions Following Six-Photon Ionization of Xenon Atoms\|journal=Physical Review Letters\|date=23 April 1979\|volume=42\|issue=17\|pages=1127–1130\|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.1127\|bibcode=1979PhRvL..42.1127A}} The original paper on the discovery
			</ref> is a [[Photoelectrochemical_processes#Multi-photon_ionization\|multi-photon]] effect where an atom is ionized with more than the required number of photons.<ref name=parker>{{cite journal\|last=Parker\|first=Jonathan\|coauthors=Clark, Charles W.\|title=Study of a plane-wave final-state theory of above-threshold ionization and harmonic generation\|journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America B\|date=1 February 1996\|volume=13\|issue=2\|pages=371\|doi=10.1364/JOSAB.13.000371\|bibcode = 1996JOSAB..13..371P }}</ref>

			In the case of ATI the peaks should appear at
			: <math> E_s = (n + s)\hbar \omega - W,</math>
			where the integer <math>n</math> represents the minimum number of photons absorbed and the integer s represents the number of additional photons absorbed. <math>W</math> is the [[ionization energy]] and <math>E_s</math> is the electron kinetic energy of the peak corresponding to s additional photons being absorbed.<ref name="Drake">{{cite book\|editor=Gordon W.F. Drake,\|title=Springer handbook of atomic, molecular, and optical physics\|year=2006\|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media\|location=New York\|isbn=0-387-20802-X\|edition=Updated and expanded}}</ref>

			==Structure==
			It typically has a very strong maxima at the minimum number of photons to ionize the system, with successive peaks (known as ATI peaks) separated by the photon energy and thus corresponding to higher numbers of photons being absorbed.<ref name=parker/><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Cormier\|first=E\|coauthors=Lambropoulos, P\|title=Optimal gauge and gauge invariance in non-perturbative time-dependent calculation of above-threshold ionization\|journal=Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics\|date=14 May 1996\|volume=29\|issue=9\|pages=1667–1680\|doi=10.1088/0953-4075/29/9/013\|bibcode = 1996JPhB...29.1667C }}</ref>

			In the non-perturbative regime the bound states are dressed with the electric field, shifting the ionization energy. If the [[ponderomotive energy]] of the field is greater than the photon energy <math> \omega </math> then the first peak disappears.<ref name="Drake" />

			==Features from Ultrashort pulses==
			High intensity [[ultrashort pulse\|Ultrashort laser pulses]] can create ATI features with 20 or more peaks.<ref name=CormierEtAl>{{cite journal\|last=Cormier\|first=E\|coauthors=Lambropoulos, P\|title=Above-threshold ionization spectrum of hydrogen using B-spline functions\|journal=Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics\|date=14 January 1997\|volume=30\|issue=1\|pages=77–91\|doi=10.1088/0953-4075/30/1/010\|bibcode = 1997JPhB...30...77C }}</ref> The [[photoelectron spectrum]] of electron energies is continuous since actual light sources contain a spread of energies.

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

			==External links==
			* [http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~lvw/what/singlee/singlee.html Above Threshold Ionization photoelectron spectra]

			[[Category:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics\|Atomic]]
			[[Category:Quantum mechanics]]

en>FrescoBot: Bot: link syntax/spacing

2012-07-19T21:35:42Z

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