Ultrasensitivity - Revision history

en>Trappist the monk: /* Allovalency */Remove unnecessary |display-author= parameters from CS1 templates; using AWB

2015-01-03T17:09:24Z

Allovalency: Remove unnecessary |display-author= parameters from CS1 templates; using AWB

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:09, 3 January 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~ICT Security Specialist Bedolla from Aldergrove~~, has ~~hobbies~~ which includes ~~r/c planes~~, ~~plants vs zombies garden warfare download~~ and ~~kids~~. ~~Keeps~~ a ~~tour blog~~ and has ~~plenty~~ to ~~write about after visiting Sydney Opera House~~.<br><br>~~Also visit my site ::~~ [~~https~~://~~www.facebook~~.com/~~plantsvszombiesgardenwarfaredownload plants vs zombies garden warfare pc download~~]		The prissy affair about�fostering $250 one thousand thousand is that it lets you provide your customers services that few competitors stool equalize. Spotify, which is horseback riding eminent after complementary a massive fundraising unit of ammunition in November, said now that it has�dropped wholly limits on streaming ad-supported euphony on the World Wide Web. Previously, Spotify limited you to a sure identification number of hours a month later a 6-calendar month test stop. As of today, the party has totally distant the caps, in a propel that has implications for competitors comparable Beatniks Euphony and Rdio.

			Spotify's exempt offerings get ever been Sir Thomas More [https://Www.Gov.uk/search?q=generous generous] than its peers The impress comes less than a workweek before�the high-profile found of Beats, which is intriguing Spotify with an tremendous selling effort that includes content deals with AT&T and Ellen DeGeneres and is potential to admit an advert that airs during the Superintendent Stadium. Unlike Spotify, Beats will launching without a loose grade afterward a 7-sidereal day trial, making it harder for them to draw in cursory users and and so exchange them to paying customers.

			Pandora�dropped its have cyclosis limits for absolve users stopping point class. About companies that habituate a so-named "freemium" pose report card that the longer a soul uses their service, the Sir Thomas More potential they are to wage for that inspection and repair at some betoken. That's one and only intellect that Spotify has millions to a greater extent users than any early on-ask euphony streaming service: its spare offerings take in forever been importantly more than generous than its peers.

			Eliminating the caps on release listening bequeath price the troupe more than money in the shortstop run�?? only it May besides assistant the society attract gone from its rival yet faster.<br><br>

			Here is more info in regards to [http://batuiti.com/ shop] visit our website.

173.25.54.191: +link

2014-02-28T23:28:35Z

+link

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:28, 1 March 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~[[Image:YYL1.png\|right\|thumb\|Controlling a simple network.]]~~		ICT Security Specialist Bedolla from Aldergrove, has hobbies which includes r/c planes, plants vs zombies garden warfare download and kids. Keeps a tour blog and has plenty to write about after visiting Sydney Opera House.<br><br>Also visit my site :: [https://www.facebook.com/plantsvszombiesgardenwarfaredownload plants vs zombies garden warfare pc download]

	~~'''Network Controllability''' is concerned about the structural [[controllability]] of a [[Graph (mathematics)\|network]]. Controllability describes our ability to guide a dynamical system~~ from ~~any initial state to any desired final state in finite time~~, ~~with a suitable choice of inputs. This definition agrees well with our intuitive notion of control. The controllability of general directed and weighted complex networks~~ has ~~recently been the subject of intense study by a number of groups, worldwide.~~

	~~==Background==~~
	~~Consider the canonical linear time-invariant dynamics on a complex network~~
	~~<math>~~
	~~\dot{\mathbf{X}}(t) = \mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{X}(t) + \mathbf{B}\cdot \mathbf{u}(t)~~
	~~</math>~~
	~~where the vector <math>\mathbf{X}(t)=(x_1(t),\cdots,x_N(t))^\mathrm{T}</math> captures the state of a system of <math>N</math> nodes at time <math>t</math>. The <math>N \times N</math>~~
	matrix <math>\mathbf{A}</math> describes the system's wiring digram and the interaction strength between the components. The <math>N \times M</math> matrix <math>\mathbf{B}</math> identifies the nodes controlled by an outside controller. The system is controlled through the time dependent input vector <math>\mathbf{u}(t) = (u_1(t),\cdots,u_M(t))^\mathrm{T}</math> that the controller imposes on the system. To identify the ''minimum'' number of driver nodes, denoted by <math>N_\mathrm{D}</math>, whose control is sufficient to fully control the system's dynamics, Liu et al.<ref name="Liu-Nature-11">Y.-Y. Liu, J.-J. Slotine, A.-L. Barabási, ''Nature'' '''473''' (2011).</ref> attempted to combine the tools from structural control theory, graph theory and statistical physics. They showed<ref name="Liu-Nature-11"/> that the minimum number of inputs or driver nodes needed to maintain full control of the network is determined by the 'maximum matching’ in the network, that is, the maximum set of links that do not share start or end nodes. They tried<ref name="Liu-Nature-11"/> to develop an analytical framework, based on the in-out degree distribution, which ~~predicts <math>n_\mathrm{D} =N_\mathrm{D}~~/~~N </math> for scale-free and Erdős–Rényi Graphs. It is however notable~~, ~~that their formulation<ref name="Liu-Nature-11"/> would predict same values of <math>{n_\mathrm{D}}</math> for a chain graph~~ and ~~for a weak densely connected graph. Obviously, both these graphs have very different in and out degree distributions~~. ~~A recent unpublished work,<ref name = "Arxiv_Close_Betw">SJ Banerjee and S Roy, ARXIV:1209.3737</ref> questions whether [[Degree (graph theory)\|degree]], which is~~ a purely local measure in networks, would completely describe controllability and whether even slightly distant nodes would have no role in deciding network controllability. Indeed, for many real-word networks, namely, food webs, neuronal and metabolic networks, the mismatch in values of <math>{n_\mathrm{D}}^{real}</math> and <math>{n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree}</math> calculated by Liu et al.<ref name="Liu-Nature-11"/> is notable. It is obvious that if controllability is decided mainly by degree, why are <math>{n_\mathrm{D}}^{real}</math> and <math>{n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree}</math> so different for many real world networks? They argued <ref name="Liu-Nature-11"/> (arXiv:1203.5161v1), that this might be due to the effect of degree correlations. However, it has been shown<ref name = "Arxiv_Close_Betw"/> that network controllability can be altered only by using [[betweenness centrality]] and [[closeness centrality]], without using [[degree (graph theory)]] or degree correlations at all.

	[[File:YYL2.pdf\|right\|thumb\|A schematic digram shows the control of a directed network. For a given directed network (Fig. a), one calculates its maximum matching: a largest set of edges without common heads or tails. The maximum matching will compose of a set of vertex-disjoint directed paths and directed cycles (see red edges in Fig.b). If a node is a head of a matching edge, then this node is matched (green nodes in Fig.b). Otherwise, it is unmatched (white nodes in Fig.b). Those unmatched nodes are the nodes one needs to control, i.e. the driver nodes. By injecting signals to those driver nodes, one gets a set of directed path with starting points being the inputs (see Fig.c). Those paths are called "stems". The resulting digraph is called U-rooted factorial connection. By "grafting" the directed cycles to those "stems", one gets "buds". The resulting digraph is called the cacti (see Fig.d). According to the structural controllability theorem,<ref name="Lin-74"/> since there is a cacti structure spanning the controlled network (see Fig.e), the system is controllable. The cacti structure (Fig.d) underlying the controlled network (Fig.e) is the "skeleton" for maintaining controllability.]]

	~~===Structural Controllability===~~
	~~The concept of the structural properties was first introduced by Lin (1974)<ref name="Lin-74">C.-T. Lin, ''IEEE Trans. Auto. Contr.'' '''19'''~~
	~~(1974)~~.<~~/ref~~> ~~and then extended by Shields and Pearson (1976)~~<~~ref name="Shields-76"~~>~~R. W. Shields and J. B. Pearson, ''IEEE Trans. Auto. Contr.'' '''21'''~~
	~~(1976).</ref> and alternatively derived by Glover and Silverman (1976).<ref name="Glover-76">K. Glover and L. M. Silverman, ''IEEE Trans. Auto. Contr.'' '''21'''~~
	(1976).</ref> The main question is whether the lack of controllability or observability are generic with respect to the variable system parameters. In the framework of structural control the system parameters are either independent free variables or fixed zeros. This is consistent for models of physical systems since parameter values are never known exactly, with the exception of zero values which express the absence of interactions or connections.

	~~===Maximum Matching===~~
	In graph theory, a [[matching (graph theory)\|matching]] is a set of edges without common vertices. Liu et al.<ref name="Liu-Nature-11"/> extended this definition to directed graph, where a matching is a set of directed edges that do not share start or end vertices. It is easy to check that a matching of a directed graph composes of a set of vertex-disjoint simple paths and cycles. The maximum matching of a directed network can be efficiently calculated by working in the bipartite representation using the classical [[Hopcroft–Karp algorithm]], which runs in O(''E''√N) time in the worst case. For undirected graph, analytical solutions of the size and number of maximum matchings have been studied using the [[cavity method]] developed in statistical physics.<ref name="Zdeborova-06">L. Zdeborova and M. Mezard, ''J. Stat. Mech.'' '''05''' (2006).</ref> Liu et al.<ref name="Liu-Nature-11"/> extended the calculations for directed graph.

	By calculating the maximum matchings of a wide range of real networks, Liu et al.<ref name="Liu-Nature-11"/> asserted that the number of driver nodes is determined mainly by the networks degree distribution <math>P(k_\mathrm{in}, k_\mathrm{out})</math>. They also calculated the average number of driver nodes for a network ensemble with arbitrary degree distribution using the [[cavity method]]. It is interesting that for a chain graph and a weak densely connected graph, both of which have very different in and out degree distributions; the formulation of Liu et al.<ref name="Liu-Nature-11"/> would predict same values of <math>{n_\mathrm{D}}</math>. Also, for many real-word networks, namely, food webs, neuronal and metabolic networks, the mismatch in values of <math>{n_\mathrm{D}}^{real}</math> and <math>{n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree}</math> calculated by Liu et al.<ref name="Liu-Nature-11"/> is notable. If controllability is decided purely by degree, why are <math>{n_\mathrm{D}}^{real}</math> and <math>{n_\mathrm{D}}^\mathrm{rand\_degree}</math> so different for many real world networks? It remains open to scrutiny whether ''control robustness" in networks is influenced more by using [[betweenness centrality]] and [[closeness centrality]]<ref name = "Arxiv_Close_Betw"/> over [[degree (graph theory)]] based metrics.

	While sparser graphs are more difficult to control,<ref name="Liu-Nature-11"/><ref name = "Arxiv_Close_Betw"/> it would obviously be interesting to find whether [[betweenness centrality]] and [[closeness centrality]]<ref name = "Arxiv_Close_Betw"/> or degree heterogeneity<ref name="Liu-Nature-11"/> plays a more important role in deciding controllability of sparse graphs with almost similar degree distributions.

	~~==Future Directions==~~
	~~This recent immense activity inspires hope of new breakthroughs in structural controllability of complex networks.~~

	~~== See also ==~~

	* [[Controllability Gramian]]

	~~==References==~~
	~~<references/>~~

	~~== External links ==~~
	* [http:~~//barabasilab.neu.edu/projects/controllability/ The network controllability project website]~~
	* [~~http~~://www.~~youtube~~.com/~~watch?v=9-q2qpOJfkg The video showing network controllability]~~

	~~<!--- Categories --->~~

	~~[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]~~
	~~[[Category:Network theory]~~]

173.25.54.191: grammar

2013-12-14T23:49:45Z

grammar

Show changes

en>Rjwilmsi: /* Switching Behavior of GTPases */Journal cites, completed 1 page range, using AWB (8087)

2012-07-05T23:08:37Z

Switching Behavior of GTPases: Journal cites, completed 1 page range, using AWB (8087)

New page

Jewellery shops - [https://GentryXj5CcEyP.jux.com https://GentryXj5CcEyP.jux.com]. In at present's time, jewellery is the most effective good friend of a girl. There are many options like gold, platinum, pearl, diamond, ruby and silver for ladies.Typically, girls really feel being confused in this world of gorgeous jewelries. However everybody needs to buy jewellery which is reasonably priced in addition to seems classy. A little bit care taken will go a great distance in preserving the glitter of costume jewellery. After usage the sort of jewelry have to be wiped with a mushy fabric since body sweat dulls the metals used. Style jewelry must be stored individually within the pouches or velvet bins that they originally come in. Grays is residence to one of the world's largest and most diverse collections of positive antiques, jewellery, collectables and vintage style. This industry begun in Murano through the 12th century under the suggestion of Marco Polo, who had introduced some specimens from his travels to the East. From that period the production of conterie - the name derives from the Latin compus, that means adorned, and signifies beads used for adornment and ornament - has began. The range of objects that can be achieved with this course of is gigantic: paroures, earrings, bracelets are the most typical. Most allergy sufferers who've pierced ears can put on fashion jewelry with caution. Solely put on trend earrings with proper precautions for a number of hours and never wear them overnight to avoid getting itchy, swelling ear lobes. In the same manner you freestyled the body, you also do with the straps. A better method to do that would be to measure your shoulders after which add a couple extra inches, depending in your size. The Drusy quartz cabochons are delicate and it s recommended to make use of these for pendants as brooches or earrings will not maintain these nicely. When going to purchase these gems you will discover so many options to purchase these on-line and offline. The net shopping for the gemstones are preferred way to buy these as you should buy these gem stones as one can find many sites the place you may compare the costs of your [http://Search.huffingtonpost.com/search?q=alternative&s_it=header_form_v1 alternative] in gems and choose the one which is best suitable in your price range. The fee option in online shopping could be very simple and some gemstone online web site present 100% a reimbursement assure to which ensures the nice quality of their product. We are providing reductions to our customers to give them one of the best they're searching. The low cost they get is very attractive. We provide 20-30% bonus low cost for every product. The value of the rose minimize diamond is also very reasonable. The designers we have are the world famous designers and they're reviewing our merchandise recurrently with none pause. So fraud is impossible here. The highest quality designers are designing the rose cut jewellery in response to the style of the shoppers. The taste of shoppers is changing rapidly and the designers are attempting to keep up the market with their greatest latest design. There are usually clues that may assist one identify what era a piece of jewellery is from. Type, materials, the type of piece. For example costume clips came in in the thirties and had been out of favor by the nineteen fifties. Jewelry displays styles, designs, colours and stones of the period. For example from 1910 to 1930 silver was the favorite color for metal, so jewelry was present in platinum, white gold, silver or a base steel colored to appear to be silver. By World Struggle II, gold was in style again but in short provide, because it was very important to the struggle effort.