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| [[File:SND BINP.jpg|thumb|Spherical Neutral Detector in Budker INP, partially unmounted (2008).]]
| | Ah, who wߋuld not be bewilderеd with the еntire lot of weightloss products in the mɑrket theѕe days?<br><br>It's becoming so, that it fеels like every few days, a new proԁuct is being launched ɑnd marҝetеd to the teeth. However, thе bible-truth is this: not all weiցhtlosѕ ρroducts are the same. In faсt, the only way for you to really ascertain what these weіghtloss products are supposed to do fߋr you, is to read carefully іts product labels, research its supposed promises, and ask a mediсal professional whether or not these products will work well for you or cгeate such adverse conditions that you are better off without.<br><br><br>Here is the low-ԁown:<br>1. The ѕafest of all weightloѕs products possible are dieting books, especially if you just read them. Fоllowing them or subscribing to these ideаs may not exactly be the best thing in the world. Ӏf you want diet programѕ and then you need do 2 things. First, go to your doctor for a full medical check-up, and inquire as to what kind of diet you need to go under.<br><br>Depending on your medіcal condition, your doctor may prescribe you a number of diets. For diabetic оr pre-diabetiс individuals, a no-sugar / low ѕodium dіet may be in the works. For other people who have minerɑl deficiencies, (like low рotassium intakе,) the doctor may even ρrescribe more foοd to help them regain better healtɦ.<br><br>The next step is to go to а regiѕtered dietician or nutritionist and ask for a detɑiled meal plan. Dieting books do not woгk because it presеnts a ǥeneralized ѕcope of how weіght lоsѕ sҺould go. Hοwever, people do not have the same digestive tеndencies, or the same weight loss problems, or the same lifestyles.<br><br>A more peгsonalized approach to dieting is always best.<br>2. Exercise videos, exercise mаϲhines, exercise gadgets and the lot are also weightloss products, designed to help a person losе weiɡht by exercising. Enough said!<br>3. Fat burners are meԁicines, or diet supplements, or herbal remedies oг skin application weightloss produϲts designed (as the name suggeѕts) to burn off unwanted fats. Prоducts like these works on the principle օf thermo-gеnesis: activating part of the thyroid gland to increase body temρerature.<br><br>Supposedly, the fats that are being Ƅurned off will be cߋnverted into energy that should be useful to the Ƅody. Fat burners are actually ցreat for active people, or people who have regular exercise regiments since there is а neеd to expend that enerցy.<br>On a ѕide note, if a person has ɑ rather sedentary lіfestyle, fat burners may not աork wеll at all. Also, one needs to consider carefully the product labels. Some fat burner ingredientѕ (ephеdrine) are addictive in nature. There is аlso a strict need to take fat burners ߋnly as ɗirected.<br><br>Increaѕing dosages or application times will only lead to adverse conditions in the long run. Morе imρortantly, it will not hеlp that person loѕe weight faѕter.<br>4. Аnti-obesitү drugs are the strongest medications among all weightloss [http://Www.Eklasserom.no/user/view.php?id=24438&course=1 buy garcinia cambogia] productѕ. This should not be confused with the "herbal" alternatives because thе latter do not have the same pharmacologicɑl agents as the former; аnd therefore, dօ not have the same prօmised results.<br><br>These should only be taken when ƿrescribed by the doctor, ɑnd only for obese individuals. People with Type 2 diabetes are not adviseԀ to take such medicines аs these may triggег unfavorable consequences. Moѕt anti-obesitү drugs work as appetite suppressants.<br><br>Others hеlp increase the metabolic system. Others Һelp prevent fat absorption. |
| '''Spherical Neutral Detector''' ([http://wwwsnd.inp.nsk.su/ '''SND''']) is a [[detector]] for [[particle physics]] [[experiment]]s, successor of the [[ND Experiment|Neutral Detector]] ([[ND Experiment|ND]]),<ref name="ND">
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Golubev |first1=V. B.
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| |coauthors=''et al.''
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| |year=1984
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| |title=The neutral detector at VEPP-2M
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| |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
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| |volume=227 |number=3 |pages=467–469
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| |doi=10.1016/0168-9002(84)90202-X|bibcode = 1984NIMPA.227..467G }}</ref> created by the team of physicists in the
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| [[Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics]] [http://www.inp.nsk.su/index.en.shtml (BINP)], [[Novosibirsk]], [[Russia]].
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| There are three major periods in evolution of the '''SND''' experiment;
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| * from 1995 to 2000 - data collection at the e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> [[storage ring]] [http://www.inp.nsk.su/activity/old/vepp2m/index.ru.shtml VEPP-2M] in the [[energy]] range 2E=0.4-1.4 GeV,
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| * from 2001 to 2008 - [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0105093 upgrade of SND]<ref name="SND Upgrade">
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Abramov |first1=G. N.
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| |coauthors=''et al.''
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| |year=2001
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| |title=SND Upgrade
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| |journal=Invited talk at the e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> Physics at Intermediate Energies Workshop, SLAC, Stanford, California, April 30 - May 2
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| |volume=675 |number= |pages=391–397
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| |doi= }}</ref> and the [[storage ring]] [http://www.inp.nsk.su/activity/old/vepp2m/index.ru.shtml VEPP-2M] to [[VEPP-2000]],
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| * from 2009 - data collection at the e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> [[storage ring]] [http://vepp2k.inp.nsk.su/ VEPP-2000] in the [[energy]] range 2E=1.0-2.0 GeV.
| |
| | |
| == Physics ==
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| Previous experiment with [[ND Experiment|ND]]<ref name="ND Summary">
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Dolinsky |first1=S. I.
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| |coauthors=''et al.''
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| |year=1991
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| |title=Summary of experiments with the neutral detector at the e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> storage ring VEPP-2M
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| |journal=Physics Reports
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| |volume=202 |number=3 |pages=99–170
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| |doi= 10.1016/0370-1573(91)90127-8|bibcode = 1991PhR...202...99D }}</ref> (predecessor of '''SND''') has shown that the e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> annihilation in the final states with neutral particles in the energy range 2E=0.4-1.4 GeV is mediated by the processes which need to be studied in more details. In particular,
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| * quark structure of the light scalar mesons can be studied in electric-dipole radiative decays <math> \phi \to a_0(980) \gamma, ~~ f_0(975) \gamma</math>;
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| * precise measurement of the e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup>[[annihilation]] cross section into [[hadron]]s is the important component in definition of the muon [[anomalous magnetic dipole moment]];<ref>(g-2) Design Report, BNL, 1995.</ref>
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| * precise measurement of the hadronic cross sections is necessary to study the radial excitation of the light vector mesons ρ, ω, and φ;
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| * measurement of the higher order [[Quantum electrodynamics|quantum electrodynamic]] (QED]) processes is important for the QED theory test.
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| This physics can be studied with dedicated detector at higher statistics.
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| For this purpose the '''SND''' was constructed with many improvements relative to [[ND Experiment|ND]];
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| * the solid angle is covered up to 96% of 4π sr,
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| * the [[NaI]](Tl) [[Calorimeter (particle physics)|calorimeter]] has uniform spherical shape with fine segmentation in azimuthal and polar angles and 3 layers in radial direction,
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| * drift chamber is used as a central tracker,
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| * external anti-coincidence flat scintillation counters are enhanced by the coordinate system made of arrays of strimmer tubes.
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| | |
| <!-- | |
| Its distinguishing features are defined by the specially designed [[Calorimeter (particle physics)|electromagnetic calorimeter]] based on [[NaI]](Tl) [[Scintillation counter|scintillation counters]].
| |
| -->
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| | |
| == Experimental program ==
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| | |
| Experimental program of the '''SND''' is presented in Ref.<ref name="SND Detector">V. M. Aulchenko ''et al.'', "Beginning of the Experiments with SND Detector at e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> Collider VEPP-2M", preprint [http://www.inp.nsk.su/activity/preprints/oldwww/inp95_56/text.ps BINP 95-56] (1995); Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Hadron Spectroscopy (HADRON 95), Manchester, England, 10-14 Jul 1995, p.295-297.</ref> and consists of items as follow.
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|
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| * [[Particle decay|Radiative decays]]
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| : <math> e^+e^- \to \rho, \omega, \phi \to \pi^0 \gamma, \eta \gamma </math>
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| : <math> \phi \to \eta^\prime \gamma </math>
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| : <math> \phi \to a_0(980) \gamma, ~~ f_0(975) \gamma, ~~ \pi \pi \gamma, ~~ \eta \pi \gamma</math>
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| : <math> \rho, \omega \to \pi \pi \gamma</math>
| |
| | |
| * [[OZI Rule|OZI]] and [[G-parity]] suppressed decays
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| : <math> \phi \to \omega \pi^0, ~~ \pi \pi, ~~ \eta \pi \pi </math>
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| : <math> \rho \to \pi^+ \pi^- \pi^0 </math>
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| : <math> \omega \to \pi^+ \pi^- </math>
| |
| | |
| * Electromagnetic decays
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| : <math> \rho, \omega, \phi \to \eta e^+e^-, ~~ \pi^0 e^+e^-</math>
| |
| | |
| * e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> [[annihilation]] into [[hadron]]s
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| : <math> e^+e^- \to 2\pi,~~ 3\pi,~~ 4\pi,~~ 5\pi </math>
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| : <math> e^+e^- \to \omega \pi,~~ \eta \pi \pi,~~ \phi \pi </math>
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| : <math> e^+e^- \to K^+ K^-,~~ K^0_S K^0_L ,~~ K K \pi </math>
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| | |
| * Test of [[Quantum electrodynamics|QED]] processes
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| : <math> e^+e^- \to 3\gamma , ~~ e^+e^- \gamma</math>
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| : <math> e^+e^- \to 4 \gamma, ~~ e^+e^- \gamma \gamma , ~~ e^+e^- e^+e^- </math>
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| : <math> e^+e^- \to 5\gamma, ~~ 3\gamma e^+e^-, ~~ 4e\gamma </math>
| |
| | |
| * Search for rare decays
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| : <math> K^0_S \to \gamma \gamma, ~~ 3\pi^0, ~~ 2\pi^0 \gamma, ~~ \pi^0 \gamma \gamma, ~~ \pi^0 e^+e^- </math>
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| : <math> \eta \to 3\gamma, ~~ e^+e^-, ~~ 4e </math>
| |
| | |
| * Search for [[C-parity|C-even]] reactions
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| : <math> e^+e^- \to \eta^\prime,~~ a_0,~~ f_0,~~ a_2,~~ f_2 </math>
| |
| | |
| == Detector ==
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| <!--
| |
| :[[File:http://wwwsnd.inp.nsk.su/SND_Icons/sndcut1.gif|thumb|Spherical Neutral Detector, r-θ view; 1-vacuum chamber of the storage ring, 2-cylindrical drift chambers, 3-plastic scintillation counters, 4-light-guide, 5-PMTs, 6-NaI(Tl) counters, 7-photo-triods, 8-iron absorber, 9-arrays of dstrimmer tubes, 10-anticoincidence flat scintillation counters, 11-light-guide and PMTs, 12-final focus magnets.]]
| |
| :[[File:http://wwwsnd.inp.nsk.su/SND_Icons/sndball.gif|thumb|Spherical Neutral Detector, 3-D plot of the NaI(Tl) calorimeter segmentation.]] | |
| THESE PLOTS ARE NOT INCLUDED IN TEXT DIRECTLY DUE TO TOUGH DOUBTS ABOUT COPYRIGHT ISSUES
| |
| -->
| |
| | |
| The '''SND''' and its upgraded version are described in Refs.<ref name="SND Detector" /> and,<ref name="SND Upgrade" /> respectively. The detector design is illustrated in the [http://wwwsnd.inp.nsk.su/SND_Icons/sndcut1.gif R-θ view] and [http://wwwsnd.inp.nsk.su/SND_Icons/sndball.gif 3-D plot of the NaI(Tl) calorimeter segmentation]. Unique features of the '''SND''' and its sensitivity to the neutral particles are defined by the state-of-art NaI(Tl) calorimeter.
| |
| | |
| <!-- | |
| :[[File:Neutral-Detector-R-Phi-projection-V2.gif|thumb|Neutral Detector r-φ view.]]
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| :[[File:Neutral-Detector-R-Theta-projection.gif|thumb|Neutral Detector r-θ view; 1-vacuum chamber of the storage ring, 2-cylindrical proportional chambers, 3-plastic scintillation counters, 4-NaI(Tl) counters, 5-flat proportional chambers, 6-iron absorber, 7-anticoincidence counters.]]
| |
| | |
| Based on goals of the physics program the '''ND''' consist of
| |
| | |
| '''Electromagnetic calorimeter'''
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| * 168 rectangular [[NaI]](Tl) scintillation counters
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| * total mass of [[NaI]](Tl) is 2.6 t
| |
| * solid angle coverage is 65% of 4π sr
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| * minimum thickness is 32 cm or 12 radiation length
| |
| * energy resolution for photons is σ/E = 4% / √E
| |
| | |
| '''Charged particle coordinate system'''
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| * 3 layers of coaxial cylindrical 2-d wire [[Wire chamber|proportional chambers]] in the center of the detector
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| * solid angle coverage is 80% of 4π sr
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| * angular resolution is 0.5° in the azimuthal and 1.5° in the polar direction
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| * surrounded by the 5-mm thick plastic scintillation counter for trigger
| |
| | |
| '''Flat (shower) coordinate 2-d wire proportional chambers'''
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| * 2 layers of flat 2-d wire proportional chambers.
| |
| * angular resolution is 2° in the azimuthal and 3.5° in the polar direction for 0.5 GeV photons
| |
| | |
| '''Iron absorber & anti-coincidence counters'''
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| * The electromagnetic calorimeter is covered by the 10-cm thick iron absorber and plastic scintillation anti-coincidence counters.
| |
| -->
| |
| | |
| == Results ==
| |
| [[Data]] collected in the '''SND''' experiment from 1995 to 2000 corresponds to the integrated [[luminosity]] 30 pb<sup>−1</sup> spread in the energy range 2E=0.4-1.4 GeV.
| |
| Review of results of this experiment is presented in Refs. <!--[http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0109035 hep-ex/0109035]--><ref name="SND Review">
| |
| {{cite journal
| |
| |last1=Achasov |first1=M. N.
| |
| |coauthors=''et al.''
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| |year=2002
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| |title=Review of experimental results from SND detector
| |
| |journal=AIPConf.Proc.
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| |volume=619 |number= |pages=30–39
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| |doi= 10.1063/1.1482433|arxiv = hep-ex/0109035 }}</ref> and <!--[http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/9910057 hep-ex/9910057]-->.<ref name="SND New Data">
| |
| {{cite journal
| |
| |last1=Achasov |first1=M. N.
| |
| |coauthors=''et al.''
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| |year=2000
| |
| |title=New Data from SND Detector in Novosibirsk
| |
| |journal=Nucl. Phys. A
| |
| |volume=675 |number= |pages=391–397
| |
| |doi= 10.1016/S0375-9474(00)00295-5|arxiv = hep-ex/9910057 |bibcode = 2000NuPhA.675..391A }}</ref> Results are included in the [[Particle Data Group|PDG]] Review.<ref>[http://pdg.lbl.gov/index.html The Review of Particle Physics], [http://iopscience.iop.org/0954-3899/37/7A/075021 K. Nakamura et al. (Particle Data Group), J. Phys. G 37, 075021 (2010)]</ref>
| |
| Complete [http://wwwsnd.inp.nsk.su/SND_Publications/ list of publications from '''SND'''] also covers recent results of the experiment in the energy range 2E=1.0-2.0 GeV started in 2009.
| |
| | |
| == References ==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| == See also ==
| |
| * [[ND Experiment]]
| |
| * [[Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics]]
| |
| * [[Particle detector]]
| |
| * [[Experimental physics]]
| |
| * [[List of accelerators in particle physics]]
| |
| * [[Storage ring]]
| |
| * [[Meson]]
| |
| * [[List of particles]]
| |
| * [[Annihilation]]
| |
| * [[:ru:Сферический нейтральный детектор|Сферический нейтральный детектор]]
| |
| * [[:ru:Институт ядерной физики СО РАН|Институт ядерной физики СО РАН]]
| |
| * [[:ru:ВЭПП-2000|ВЭПП-2000]]
| |
| | |
| <!--- After listing your sources please cite them using inline citations and place them after the information they cite. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. ---> | |
| *
| |
| *
| |
| *
| |
| *
| |
| | |
| <!-- THIS DOES NOT WORK...-->
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Particle detectors]]
| |
| [[Category:Particle experiments]]
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| [[Category:Particle physics]]
| |
| [[Category:Experimental particle physics]]
| |
| [[Category:Particle physics facilities]]
| |
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The next step is to go to а regiѕtered dietician or nutritionist and ask for a detɑiled meal plan. Dieting books do not woгk because it presеnts a ǥeneralized ѕcope of how weіght lоsѕ sҺould go. Hοwever, people do not have the same digestive tеndencies, or the same weight loss problems, or the same lifestyles.
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