Effective dose (radiation): Difference between revisions

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calculation substituted for measurement. stated this is a protection dose.
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[[File:SND BINP.jpg|thumb|Spherical Neutral Detector in Budker INP, partially unmounted (2008).]]
'''Spherical Neutral Detector''' ([http://wwwsnd.inp.nsk.su/ '''SND''']) is a [[detector]] for [[particle physics]] [[experiment]]s, successor of the [[ND Experiment|Neutral Detector]] ([[ND Experiment|ND]]),<ref name="ND">
{{cite journal
|last1=Golubev |first1=V. B.
|coauthors=''et al.''
|year=1984
|title=The neutral detector at VEPP-2M
|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
|volume=227 |number=3 |pages=467–469
|doi=10.1016/0168-9002(84)90202-X|bibcode = 1984NIMPA.227..467G }}</ref> created  by the team of physicists in the
[[Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics]] [http://www.inp.nsk.su/index.en.shtml (BINP)], [[Novosibirsk]], [[Russia]].
There are three major periods in evolution of the '''SND''' experiment;
* from 1995 to 2000 - data collection at the e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> [[storage ring]]  [http://www.inp.nsk.su/activity/old/vepp2m/index.ru.shtml VEPP-2M] in the [[energy]] range 2E=0.4-1.4 GeV,
* from 2001 to 2008 - [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0105093 upgrade of SND]<ref name="SND Upgrade">
{{cite journal
|last1=Abramov |first1=G. N.
|coauthors=''et al.''
|year=2001
|title=SND Upgrade
|journal=Invited talk at the e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> Physics at Intermediate Energies Workshop, SLAC, Stanford, California, April 30 - May 2
|volume=675 |number= |pages=391–397
|doi= }}</ref> and the [[storage ring]] [http://www.inp.nsk.su/activity/old/vepp2m/index.ru.shtml VEPP-2M] to [[VEPP-2000]],
* from 2009 - data collection at the e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> [[storage ring]]  [http://vepp2k.inp.nsk.su/ VEPP-2000] in the [[energy]] range 2E=1.0-2.0 GeV.


== Physics ==
Previous experiment with [[ND Experiment|ND]]<ref name="ND Summary">
{{cite journal
|last1=Dolinsky |first1=S. I.
|coauthors=''et al.''
|year=1991
|title=Summary of experiments with the neutral detector at the e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> storage ring VEPP-2M
|journal=Physics Reports
|volume=202 |number=3 |pages=99–170
|doi= 10.1016/0370-1573(91)90127-8|bibcode = 1991PhR...202...99D }}</ref> (predecessor of '''SND''') has shown that the e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> annihilation in the final states with neutral particles in the energy range 2E=0.4-1.4 GeV is mediated by the processes which need to be studied in more details. In particular,
* quark structure of the light scalar mesons can be studied in electric-dipole radiative decays <math> \phi \to a_0(980) \gamma, ~~ f_0(975) \gamma</math>;
* precise measurement of the e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup>[[annihilation]] cross section into [[hadron]]s is the important component in definition of the muon [[anomalous magnetic dipole moment]];<ref>(g-2) Design Report, BNL, 1995.</ref>
* precise measurement of the hadronic cross sections is necessary to study the radial excitation of the light vector mesons ρ, ω, and φ;
* measurement of the higher order [[Quantum electrodynamics|quantum electrodynamic]] (QED]) processes is important for the QED theory test.


This physics can be studied with dedicated detector at higher statistics.
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For this purpose the '''SND''' was constructed with many improvements relative to [[ND Experiment|ND]];
* the solid angle is covered up to 96% of 4π sr,
* the [[NaI]](Tl) [[Calorimeter (particle physics)|calorimeter]] has uniform spherical shape with fine segmentation in azimuthal and polar angles and 3 layers in radial direction,
* drift chamber is used as a central tracker,
* external anti-coincidence flat scintillation counters are enhanced by the coordinate system made of arrays of strimmer tubes.
 
<!--
Its distinguishing features are defined by the specially designed [[Calorimeter (particle physics)|electromagnetic calorimeter]] based on [[NaI]](Tl) [[Scintillation counter|scintillation counters]].
-->
 
== Experimental program ==
 
Experimental program of the '''SND''' is presented in Ref.<ref name="SND Detector">V. M. Aulchenko ''et al.'', "Beginning of the Experiments with SND Detector at e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup>  Collider VEPP-2M", preprint [http://www.inp.nsk.su/activity/preprints/oldwww/inp95_56/text.ps BINP 95-56] (1995); Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Hadron Spectroscopy (HADRON 95), Manchester, England, 10-14 Jul 1995, p.295-297.</ref> and consists of items as follow.
* [[Particle decay|Radiative decays]]
: <math> e^+e^- \to \rho, \omega, \phi \to \pi^0 \gamma, \eta \gamma </math>
: <math> \phi \to \eta^\prime \gamma </math>
: <math> \phi \to a_0(980) \gamma, ~~ f_0(975) \gamma, ~~ \pi \pi \gamma, ~~ \eta \pi \gamma</math>
: <math> \rho, \omega \to \pi \pi \gamma</math>
 
* [[OZI Rule|OZI]] and [[G-parity]] suppressed decays
: <math> \phi \to \omega \pi^0, ~~ \pi \pi, ~~ \eta \pi \pi </math>
: <math> \rho \to \pi^+ \pi^- \pi^0 </math>
: <math> \omega \to \pi^+ \pi^- </math>
 
* Electromagnetic decays
: <math> \rho, \omega, \phi \to \eta e^+e^-, ~~ \pi^0 e^+e^-</math>
 
* e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> [[annihilation]] into [[hadron]]s
: <math> e^+e^- \to 2\pi,~~ 3\pi,~~ 4\pi,~~ 5\pi </math>
: <math> e^+e^- \to \omega \pi,~~ \eta \pi \pi,~~ \phi \pi </math>
: <math> e^+e^- \to K^+ K^-,~~ K^0_S K^0_L ,~~ K K \pi </math>
 
* Test of [[Quantum electrodynamics|QED]] processes
: <math> e^+e^- \to 3\gamma , ~~ e^+e^- \gamma</math>
: <math> e^+e^- \to 4 \gamma, ~~ e^+e^- \gamma \gamma , ~~  e^+e^- e^+e^- </math>
: <math> e^+e^- \to 5\gamma, ~~  3\gamma e^+e^-, ~~ 4e\gamma </math>
 
* Search for rare decays
: <math> K^0_S \to \gamma \gamma, ~~ 3\pi^0, ~~ 2\pi^0 \gamma, ~~ \pi^0 \gamma \gamma, ~~ \pi^0 e^+e^- </math>
: <math> \eta \to  3\gamma, ~~  e^+e^-, ~~ 4e </math>
 
* Search for [[C-parity|C-even]] reactions
: <math> e^+e^- \to \eta^\prime,~~ a_0,~~ f_0,~~ a_2,~~ f_2 </math>
 
== Detector ==
<!--
:[[File:http://wwwsnd.inp.nsk.su/SND_Icons/sndcut1.gif|thumb|Spherical Neutral Detector, r-θ view; 1-vacuum chamber of the storage ring, 2-cylindrical drift chambers, 3-plastic scintillation counters, 4-light-guide, 5-PMTs, 6-NaI(Tl) counters, 7-photo-triods, 8-iron absorber, 9-arrays of dstrimmer tubes, 10-anticoincidence flat scintillation counters, 11-light-guide and PMTs, 12-final focus magnets.]]
:[[File:http://wwwsnd.inp.nsk.su/SND_Icons/sndball.gif|thumb|Spherical Neutral Detector, 3-D plot of the NaI(Tl) calorimeter segmentation.]]
THESE PLOTS ARE NOT INCLUDED IN TEXT DIRECTLY DUE TO TOUGH DOUBTS ABOUT COPYRIGHT ISSUES
-->
 
The '''SND''' and its upgraded version are described in Refs.<ref name="SND Detector" /> and,<ref name="SND Upgrade" /> respectively. The detector design is illustrated in the [http://wwwsnd.inp.nsk.su/SND_Icons/sndcut1.gif R-θ view] and [http://wwwsnd.inp.nsk.su/SND_Icons/sndball.gif 3-D plot of the NaI(Tl) calorimeter segmentation]. Unique features of the '''SND''' and its sensitivity to the neutral particles are defined by the state-of-art NaI(Tl) calorimeter.
 
<!--
:[[File:Neutral-Detector-R-Phi-projection-V2.gif|thumb|Neutral Detector r-φ view.]]
:[[File:Neutral-Detector-R-Theta-projection.gif|thumb|Neutral Detector r-θ view; 1-vacuum chamber of the storage ring, 2-cylindrical proportional chambers, 3-plastic scintillation counters, 4-NaI(Tl) counters, 5-flat proportional chambers, 6-iron absorber, 7-anticoincidence counters.]]
 
Based on goals of the physics program the '''ND''' consist of  
 
'''Electromagnetic calorimeter'''
* 168 rectangular [[NaI]](Tl) scintillation counters
* total mass of [[NaI]](Tl) is 2.6 t
* solid angle coverage is 65% of 4π sr
* minimum thickness is 32 cm or 12 radiation length
* energy resolution for photons is σ/E = 4% / √E
 
'''Charged particle coordinate system'''
* 3 layers of coaxial cylindrical 2-d wire [[Wire chamber|proportional chambers]] in the center of the detector
* solid angle coverage is 80% of 4π sr
* angular resolution is 0.5° in the azimuthal and 1.5° in the polar direction
* surrounded by the 5-mm thick plastic scintillation counter for trigger
 
'''Flat (shower) coordinate 2-d wire proportional chambers'''
* 2 layers of flat 2-d wire proportional chambers.
* angular resolution is 2° in the azimuthal and 3.5° in the polar direction for 0.5 GeV photons
 
'''Iron absorber & anti-coincidence counters'''
* The electromagnetic calorimeter is covered by the 10-cm thick iron absorber and plastic scintillation anti-coincidence counters.
-->
 
== Results ==
[[Data]] collected in the '''SND''' experiment from 1995 to 2000 corresponds to the integrated [[luminosity]] 30 pb<sup>−1</sup> spread in the energy range 2E=0.4-1.4 GeV.
Review of results of this experiment is presented in Refs. <!--[http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0109035 hep-ex/0109035]--><ref name="SND Review">
{{cite journal
  |last1=Achasov |first1=M. N.
|coauthors=''et al.''
|year=2002
|title=Review of experimental results from SND detector
|journal=AIPConf.Proc.
|volume=619 |number= |pages=30–39
|doi= 10.1063/1.1482433|arxiv = hep-ex/0109035 }}</ref> and <!--[http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/9910057 hep-ex/9910057]-->.<ref name="SND New Data">
{{cite journal
|last1=Achasov |first1=M. N.
|coauthors=''et al.''
|year=2000
|title=New Data from SND Detector in Novosibirsk
|journal=Nucl. Phys. A
|volume=675 |number= |pages=391–397
|doi= 10.1016/S0375-9474(00)00295-5|arxiv = hep-ex/9910057 |bibcode = 2000NuPhA.675..391A }}</ref> Results are included in the [[Particle Data Group|PDG]] Review.<ref>[http://pdg.lbl.gov/index.html The Review of Particle Physics], [http://iopscience.iop.org/0954-3899/37/7A/075021  K. Nakamura et al. (Particle Data Group), J. Phys. G 37, 075021 (2010)]</ref>
Complete [http://wwwsnd.inp.nsk.su/SND_Publications/ list of publications from '''SND'''] also covers recent results of the experiment in the energy range 2E=1.0-2.0 GeV started in 2009.
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== See also ==
* [[ND Experiment]]
* [[Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics]]
* [[Particle detector]]
* [[Experimental physics]]
* [[List of accelerators in particle physics]]
* [[Storage ring]]
* [[Meson]]
* [[List of particles]]
* [[Annihilation]]
* [[:ru:Сферический нейтральный детектор|Сферический нейтральный детектор]]
* [[:ru:Институт ядерной физики СО РАН|Институт ядерной физики СО РАН]]
* [[:ru:ВЭПП-2000|ВЭПП-2000]]
 
<!--- After listing your sources please cite them using inline citations and place them after the information they cite. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --->
*
*
*
*
 
<!-- THIS DOES NOT WORK...-->
 
[[Category:Particle detectors]]
[[Category:Particle experiments]]
[[Category:Particle physics]]
[[Category:Experimental particle physics]]
[[Category:Particle physics facilities]]

Revision as of 20:00, 25 February 2014


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