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[[Image:Auger Process.svg|thumb|280px| Two views of the Auger process. (a) illustrates sequentially the steps involved in Auger deexcitation. An incident electron (or photon) creates a core hole in the 1s level. An electron from the 2s level fills in the 1s hole and the transition energy is imparted to a 2p electron which is emitted. The final atomic state thus has two holes, one in the 2s orbital and the other in the 2p orbital. (b) illustrates the same process using spectroscopic notation, <math>KL_1L_{2,3}</math>.]]The '''Auger effect''' {{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|ʒ|eɪ}} is a physical phenomenon in which the filling of an [[Inner-shell electrons|inner-shell]] vacancy of an [[atom]] is accompanied by the emission of an [[electron]] from the same atom.<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=Auger effect|url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00520.html}}</ref> When a [[core electron]] is removed, leaving a vacancy, an electron from a higher energy level may fall into the vacancy, resulting in a release of [[energy]]. Although most of the time this energy is released in the form of an emitted [[photon]], the energy can also be transferred to another electron, which is ejected from the atom. This second ejected electron is called an '''Auger electron''',<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=Auger electron|url=http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00521.html}}</ref> after one of its discoverers, [[Pierre Victor Auger]].
When it comes to numerous things today, you see all types of claims for all types of treatments. Weight loss goods are no different, however, with a twist which alternative products may not have.<br><br>It doesn't imply the more we consume it the faster you'll lose fat. It contains 20mg of caffeine per serving, that is means lower than a usual cup containing 100mg of caffeine. You are able to sit back, relax and observe the chlorogenic acid function go to work on those additional pounds. Aside from this, it's cheap plus affordable. The extract does not contain any additives, plus the pure form of chlorogenic acid found inside the [http://greencoffeeweightlossplan.blogspot.com green coffee weight loss] extracts usually improve metabolism plus facilitate fat absorption inside the body. In addition to this, it moreover prevents the development of brand-new fat cells, as it acts because an anti-oxidant.<br><br>The considered eating green beans extract to begin losing weight can possibly appear actually fresh yet it has helped many people get back to their perfect weight and more. Reducing weight is never a simple thing to shoot for. Apart within the undeniable truth which it'll include a perfect deal of control and function, 1 is not truly certain when the several goods being presented found on the market may succeed or-not. The problem today is, could this extract be an perfect technique to lose excess weight? Can it be safe? How promptly could one actually see results? Keep reading plus discover.<br><br>Rohit Sinha, Ph.D of the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School's Cardiovascular plus Metabolic Disorders Program in Singapore and his team noticed that caffeine stimulated the metabolization of lipids stored in liver cells plus decreased the fatty liver of mice that were fed a high fat diet.<br><br>While eating all of these calories, the participants didn't engage inside any exercise plus weight reduction amongst all sixteen was nonetheless attained. The average fat loss overall was 17lbs. To further break this down, there was a 16% reduction inside body fat along with a 10.5% reduction inside body weight.<br><br>It's a wise idea to check them out online before ordering any weight loss supplements. You can also check with your pharmacist. But, constantly try to stick with reputable or the more well-known brands. Believe it or not the internet is a good resource for finding a great deal of helpful information plus when there has been an issue with all the supplements we can be certain someone will have been online plus commented on it somewhere. Just put the name of the product you're thinking of ordering into Google plus see what comes up.<br><br>So, what is Green Coffee? It is simply the name provided to coffee before it gets roasted. The coffee you all drink has been roasted, because this improves the flavour. The drawback, nevertheless, is the fact that the roasting process destroys a few of the beneficial, all-natural components of the coffee beans. One of these natural components is chlorogenic acid - the active ingredient in Green Coffee Beans - that is responsible for its weight reducing qualities. After roasting, coffee can loose up to 70% of its chlorogenic acid enhance. Green Coffee Extract must contain 45-50% chlorogenic acid.<br><br>It just takes about 7 to 10 minutes to roast a half a cup of green coffee beans depending on how dark of roast you're wanting and the type of bean we are roasting. Immediately after roasting, you should pour out the freshly roasted beans on a cookie sheet and cooling them down because quickly as possible. You may furthermore need to allow roasted coffee beans air out to release the CO2 for about 4 to 24 hours. This ensures the greatest possible taste of the coffee bean. That is how you roast coffee beans at house inside a nutshell.
 
Upon ejection the [[kinetic energy]] of the Auger electron corresponds to the difference between the energy of the initial [[electronic transition]] into the vacancy and the [[ionization energy]] for the [[electron shell]] from which the Auger electron was ejected. These energy levels depend on the type of atom and the chemical environment in which the atom was located. [[Auger electron spectroscopy]] involves the emission of Auger electrons by bombarding a sample with either [[X-ray]]s or energetic electrons and measures the intensity of Auger electrons as a function of the Auger electron energy. The resulting spectra can be used to determine the identity of the emitting atoms and some information about their environment. [[Carrier generation and recombination#Auger recombination|Auger recombination]] is a similar Auger effect which occurs in [[semiconductor]]s. An electron and [[electron hole]] (electron-hole pair) can recombine giving up their energy to an electron in the conduction band, increasing its energy. The reverse effect is known as [[impact ionization]].
 
==Discovery==
The Auger emission process was discovered in 1922 by [[Lise Meitner]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01326962|author=L. Meitner|title=Über die Entstehung der β-Strahl-Spektren radioaktiver Substanzen|journal=Z. Physik |volume=9|issue=1|year=1922|pages=131–144|bibcode = 1922ZPhy....9..131M }}</ref> an Austrian-Swedish physicist, as a side effect in her competitive search for the nuclear beta electrons with the British physicist [[Charles Drummond Ellis]]. The French physicist [[Pierre Victor Auger]] also discovered it in 1923<ref>P. Auger: [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3130n.image.f187.langFR Sur les rayons β secondaires produits dans un gaz par des rayons X], C.R.A.S. 177 (1923) 169-171.</ref> upon analysis of a Wilson [[cloud chamber]] experiment and it became the central part of his PhD work.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.3139/146.110163|title=Pierre Auger – Lise Meitner: Comparative contributions to the Auger effect|year=2009|last1=Duparc|first1=Olivier Hardouin|journal=International Journal of Materials Research (formerly Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde)|volume=100|issue=09|pages=1162}}</ref> High-energy X-rays were applied to ionize gas particles and observe [[photoelectric]] electrons. Observation of electron tracks independent of the frequency of the incident photon suggested a mechanism for electron ionization that was caused from an [[internal conversion]] of energy from a radiationless transition. Further investigation and theoretical work showed that the effect was a radiationless effect more than an internal conversion effect by use of elementary quantum mechanics and transition rate and transition probability calculations.<ref>"The Auger Effect and Other Radiationless Transitions". Burhop, E.H.S., Cambridge Monographs on Physics, 1952</ref><ref>"The Theory of Auger Transitions". Chattarji, D., Academic Press, London, 1976</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[Auger electron spectroscopy]]
*[[Coster–Kronig transition]]
*[[Electron capture]]
*[[Radiative Auger effect]]
*[[Carrier generation and recombination|Charge carrier generation and recombination]]
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Auger Effect}}
[[Category:Atomic physics]]
[[Category:Foundational quantum physics]]
[[Category:Scientific techniques]]
 
[[de:Augerelektronenspektroskopie#Auger-Effekt]]

Revision as of 02:36, 10 February 2014

When it comes to numerous things today, you see all types of claims for all types of treatments. Weight loss goods are no different, however, with a twist which alternative products may not have.

It doesn't imply the more we consume it the faster you'll lose fat. It contains 20mg of caffeine per serving, that is means lower than a usual cup containing 100mg of caffeine. You are able to sit back, relax and observe the chlorogenic acid function go to work on those additional pounds. Aside from this, it's cheap plus affordable. The extract does not contain any additives, plus the pure form of chlorogenic acid found inside the green coffee weight loss extracts usually improve metabolism plus facilitate fat absorption inside the body. In addition to this, it moreover prevents the development of brand-new fat cells, as it acts because an anti-oxidant.

The considered eating green beans extract to begin losing weight can possibly appear actually fresh yet it has helped many people get back to their perfect weight and more. Reducing weight is never a simple thing to shoot for. Apart within the undeniable truth which it'll include a perfect deal of control and function, 1 is not truly certain when the several goods being presented found on the market may succeed or-not. The problem today is, could this extract be an perfect technique to lose excess weight? Can it be safe? How promptly could one actually see results? Keep reading plus discover.

Rohit Sinha, Ph.D of the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School's Cardiovascular plus Metabolic Disorders Program in Singapore and his team noticed that caffeine stimulated the metabolization of lipids stored in liver cells plus decreased the fatty liver of mice that were fed a high fat diet.

While eating all of these calories, the participants didn't engage inside any exercise plus weight reduction amongst all sixteen was nonetheless attained. The average fat loss overall was 17lbs. To further break this down, there was a 16% reduction inside body fat along with a 10.5% reduction inside body weight.

It's a wise idea to check them out online before ordering any weight loss supplements. You can also check with your pharmacist. But, constantly try to stick with reputable or the more well-known brands. Believe it or not the internet is a good resource for finding a great deal of helpful information plus when there has been an issue with all the supplements we can be certain someone will have been online plus commented on it somewhere. Just put the name of the product you're thinking of ordering into Google plus see what comes up.

So, what is Green Coffee? It is simply the name provided to coffee before it gets roasted. The coffee you all drink has been roasted, because this improves the flavour. The drawback, nevertheless, is the fact that the roasting process destroys a few of the beneficial, all-natural components of the coffee beans. One of these natural components is chlorogenic acid - the active ingredient in Green Coffee Beans - that is responsible for its weight reducing qualities. After roasting, coffee can loose up to 70% of its chlorogenic acid enhance. Green Coffee Extract must contain 45-50% chlorogenic acid.

It just takes about 7 to 10 minutes to roast a half a cup of green coffee beans depending on how dark of roast you're wanting and the type of bean we are roasting. Immediately after roasting, you should pour out the freshly roasted beans on a cookie sheet and cooling them down because quickly as possible. You may furthermore need to allow roasted coffee beans air out to release the CO2 for about 4 to 24 hours. This ensures the greatest possible taste of the coffee bean. That is how you roast coffee beans at house inside a nutshell.

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