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In [[mathematics]], an '''element''', or '''member''', of a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] is any one of the distinct [[Mathematical object|objects]] that make up that set.
 
== Sets ==
Writing ''A''&nbsp;=&nbsp;{1,&nbsp;2,&nbsp;3,&nbsp;4&nbsp;} means that the elements of the set ''A'' are the numbers 1, 2, 3 and&nbsp;4.  Sets of elements of ''A'', for example {1,&nbsp;2}, are [[subset]]s of&nbsp;''A''.
 
Sets can themselves be elements.  For example consider the set ''B''&nbsp;=&nbsp;{1,&nbsp;2,&nbsp;{3,&nbsp;4}<nowiki>}</nowiki>. The elements of ''B'' are ''not'' 1, 2, 3, and&nbsp;4.  Rather, there are only three elements of ''B'', namely the numbers 1 and 2, and the set {3,&nbsp;4}.
 
The elements of a set can be anything.  For example, ''C''&nbsp;=&nbsp;{&nbsp;red,&nbsp;green,&nbsp;blue&nbsp;}, is the set whose elements are the colors red, green and blue.
 
==Notation and terminology==
The [[Relation (mathematics)|relation]] "is an element of", also called '''set membership''', is denoted by the symbol&nbsp;"∈". Writing
 
:<math>x \in A </math>
 
means that "''x'' is an element of&nbsp;''A''". Equivalent expressions are "''x'' is a member of&nbsp;''A''", "''x'' belongs to&nbsp;''A''", "''x'' is in&nbsp;''A''" and "''x'' lies in&nbsp;''A''". The expressions "''A'' includes ''x''" and "''A'' contains ''x''" are also used to mean set membership, however some authors use them to mean instead "''x'' is a [[subset]] of&nbsp;''A''".<ref name="schech">{{cite book |author = [[Eric Schechter]] |title= Handbook of Analysis and Its Foundations |publisher= [[Academic Press]] |year= 1997|isbn= 0-12-622760-8 }} p. 12</ref> Logician [[George Boolos]] strongly urged that "contains" be used for membership only and "includes" for the subset relation only.<ref name="boolos">{{cite speech
| title = 24.243 Classical Set Theory (lecture).
| author = [[George Boolos]]
| authorlink =
| date = February 4, 1992
| location = Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| url =
| accessdate =
}}</ref>
 
Another possible notation for the same relation is
 
:<math>A \ni x,</math>
 
meaning "''A'' contains ''x''", though it is used less often.
 
The [[negation]] of set membership is denoted by the symbol&nbsp;"∉". Writing
:<math>x \notin A</math>
means that "''x'' is not an element of&nbsp;''A''".
 
The [[Unicode]] characters for these symbols are U+2208 ('element of'), U+220B ('contains as member') and U+2209 ('not an element of'). The equivalent [[LaTeX]] commands are "\in", "\ni" and "\notin". [[Mathematica]] has commands "\[Element]" and "\[NotElement]".
 
==Cardinality of sets==
{{main|Cardinality}}
The number of elements in a particular set is a property known as [[cardinality]], informally this is the size of a set. In the above examples the cardinality of the set&nbsp;''A'' is&nbsp;4, while the cardinality of either of the sets ''B'' and ''C'' is&nbsp;3. An infinite set is a set with an infinite number of elements, while a finite set is a set with a finite number of elements. The above examples are examples of finite sets. An example of an infinite set is the set of [[natural numbers]], '''N'''&nbsp;=&nbsp;{&nbsp;1,&nbsp;2,&nbsp;3,&nbsp;4,&nbsp;...&nbsp;}.
 
==Examples==
Using the sets defined above, namely ''A'' = {1, 2, 3, 4 }, ''B'' = {1, 2, {3, 4}} and ''C'' = { red, green, blue }:
*2 ∈ ''A''
*{3,4} ∈ ''B''
*{3,4} is a member of ''B''
*Yellow ∉ ''C''
*The cardinality of ''D''&nbsp;=&nbsp;{&nbsp;2,&nbsp;4,&nbsp;&nbsp;8,&nbsp;10,&nbsp;12&nbsp;} is finite and equal to&nbsp;5.
*The cardinality of ''P''&nbsp;=&nbsp;{&nbsp;2,&nbsp;3,&nbsp;5,&nbsp;7,&nbsp;11,&nbsp;13,&nbsp;...} (the [[prime numbers]]) is infinite&nbsp;(this was proven by [[Euclid]]).
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
*{{Citation|last=Halmos|first=Paul R.|author-link=Paul R. Halmos|origyear=1960|year=1974|title=Naive Set Theory|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=NY|edition=Hardcover|series=Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics|isbn=0-387-90092-6}} - "Naive" means that it is not fully axiomatized, not that it is silly or easy (Halmos's treatment is neither).
*{{Citation|last=Jech|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Jech|year=2002|title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|chapter=Set Theory|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/set-theory/}}
*{{Citation|last=Suppes|first=Patrick|author-link=Patrick Suppes|origyear=1960|year=1972|title=Axiomatic Set Theory|publisher=Dover Publications, Inc.|location=NY|isbn=0-486-61630-4}} - Both the notion of set (a collection of members), membership or element-hood, the axiom of extension, the axiom of separation, and the union axiom (Suppes calls it the sum axiom) are needed for a more thorough understanding of "set element".
 
== External links ==
*{{MathWorld |title=Element |id=Element }}
 
{{logic}}
{{Set theory}}
 
[[Category:Basic concepts in set theory]]
 
[[ru:Множество#Элемент множества]]

Revision as of 02:52, 21 December 2013

In mathematics, an element, or member, of a set is any one of the distinct objects that make up that set.

Sets

Writing A = {1, 2, 3, 4 } means that the elements of the set A are the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. Sets of elements of A, for example {1, 2}, are subsets of A.

Sets can themselves be elements. For example consider the set B = {1, 2, {3, 4}}. The elements of B are not 1, 2, 3, and 4. Rather, there are only three elements of B, namely the numbers 1 and 2, and the set {3, 4}.

The elements of a set can be anything. For example, C = { red, green, blue }, is the set whose elements are the colors red, green and blue.

Notation and terminology

The relation "is an element of", also called set membership, is denoted by the symbol "∈". Writing

means that "x is an element of A". Equivalent expressions are "x is a member of A", "x belongs to A", "x is in A" and "x lies in A". The expressions "A includes x" and "A contains x" are also used to mean set membership, however some authors use them to mean instead "x is a subset of A".[1] Logician George Boolos strongly urged that "contains" be used for membership only and "includes" for the subset relation only.[2]

Another possible notation for the same relation is

meaning "A contains x", though it is used less often.

The negation of set membership is denoted by the symbol "∉". Writing

means that "x is not an element of A".

The Unicode characters for these symbols are U+2208 ('element of'), U+220B ('contains as member') and U+2209 ('not an element of'). The equivalent LaTeX commands are "\in", "\ni" and "\notin". Mathematica has commands "\[Element]" and "\[NotElement]".

Cardinality of sets

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. The number of elements in a particular set is a property known as cardinality, informally this is the size of a set. In the above examples the cardinality of the set A is 4, while the cardinality of either of the sets B and C is 3. An infinite set is a set with an infinite number of elements, while a finite set is a set with a finite number of elements. The above examples are examples of finite sets. An example of an infinite set is the set of natural numbers, N = { 1, 2, 3, 4, ... }.

Examples

Using the sets defined above, namely A = {1, 2, 3, 4 }, B = {1, 2, {3, 4}} and C = { red, green, blue }:

  • 2 ∈ A
  • {3,4} ∈ B
  • {3,4} is a member of B
  • Yellow ∉ C
  • The cardinality of D = { 2, 4,  8, 10, 12 } is finite and equal to 5.
  • The cardinality of P = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...} (the prime numbers) is infinite (this was proven by Euclid).

References

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Further reading

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    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 - "Naive" means that it is not fully axiomatized, not that it is silly or easy (Halmos's treatment is neither).
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 - Both the notion of set (a collection of members), membership or element-hood, the axiom of extension, the axiom of separation, and the union axiom (Suppes calls it the sum axiom) are needed for a more thorough understanding of "set element".

External links



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