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The '''Digital Signature Algorithm''' ('''DSA''') is a [[Federal Information Processing Standard]] for [[digital signature]]s. It was proposed by the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) in August 1991 for use in their '''Digital Signature Standard''' ('''DSS''') and adopted as FIPS 186 in 1993.<ref name="FIPS-186">[http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/fip186.htm FIPS PUB 186]: Digital Signature Standard (DSS), 1994-05-19</ref> Four revisions to the initial specification have been released: FIPS 186-1 in 1996,<ref name="FIPS-186-1">[http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips1861.pdf FIPS PUB 186-1]: Digital Signature Standard (DSS), 1998-12-15</ref> FIPS 186-2 in 2000,<ref name="FIPS-186-2">[http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/archive/fips186-2/fips186-2.pdf FIPS PUB 186-2]: Digital Signature Standard (DSS), 2000-01-27</ref> FIPS 186-3 in 2009,<ref name="FIPS-186-3">[http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips186-3/fips_186-3.pdf FIPS PUB 186-3]: Digital Signature Standard (DSS), June 2009</ref> and FIPS 186-4 in 2013.<ref name="FIPS-186-4">[http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.186-4.pdf FIPS PUB 186-4]: Digital Signature Standard (DSS), July 2013</ref>
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Tips on how to Choose the Right Tires How one can Make a Cheap Ceiling Easy methods to Construct a Low cost Custom Bar TRUCK TIRES The way to Start a Tire Store Load on tires<br><br>What's essential is that the standard remains high,” mentioned Maria Lucia Lazzarini, head of gross sales and licensing for Lamborghini's fashion and accessory products. She stated the equipment enterprise was profitable but wouldn't give particulars of the monetary efficiency.  If you have any questions about the place and how to use [http://ow.ly/AhDNp purchase new or used tires], you can contact us at our own site. Mickie's Area Gross sales Machine system should be learn by those that do firm with domains. You might test it out at the website and see how it can give you edge inside the framework of performing an incredible enterprise out of buying and promoting domain names. This is a system which is easy and yet profitable notably within the occasion you comply with the short steps to make sure that you may keep away from the mistakes several domainers do. learn more<br><br>The excellence of Kawasaki engineering is displayed in a few of the most searched products like Prairie ATVs. This is the model with V twin and 4 stroke engine with SOHC facilities. The Sturdy motor, modern brakes with lackluster chassis, higher technical driving makes the ATV smarter and higher. The rear brake and also the tires are fairly acceptable in sizes. The plus point of this model is that the towing capacities of the model is kind of greater examine to other models and in addition the model is offered with one yr warranty which relives the consumers in regards to the high quality as well.<br><br>Quite often consumers are unsure the best way to read or interpret specifications on a tire aspect wall. This downside is compounded by the Trailer Tire Industry's use of three completely different measurement identification methods on trailer tires. The next are examples and explanations of tire code. Along with being the OE tires for the Lotus Exige, Yokohama Tires ' flagship ADVAN line is now authentic tools on many different world's fastest and most prestigious automobiles, such as the Bentley Continental GT, Bentley's Continental Flying Spur, the Lotus Elise , 2006 Porsche 911 Carrera four, and Lexus GS300 and GS430. 1500 Aug 14 22" lexani wheels and tires 5x120 of my bmw 745li $1500 (fremont / union city / newark) auto elements - by owner Featured Used Tire Brands<br><br>Nowadays, you can go to an internet websites reminiscent of eBay and check out the golf carts out there for sale. Be sure to know as much as attainable about the one which pursuits you. On such web sites you could have the choice of participating within the public sale to buy the cart or you can buy it immediately, if you want to match the cart's reserve price. You will have heard one in all two things about online purchasing and should not like to speculate thousands of dollars in a cart that you just can't touch or test drive. If this stuff are discouraging you from a golden alternative, then you may check out the seller's suggestions ranking; greater it is the more dependable the seller is. You will need to know how a lot it is going to price you to get the cart delivered to your house.<br><br>The Coats APX80E is a very unique tire changer as a result of its distinctive options that enable it to simply be used and on the same time give 100% efficiency out on its finish when technicians are utilizing it. This tire changer is excessive in worth. read extra The secret's to have buyers on your listing. You do not need a huge mailing list in case you have a list of patrons. With a list of buyers you may compete and beat the fellows and ladies with the massive mailing lists as a result of you will have the next conversion fee, which means more gross sales and commissions for you. TIRE CONSTRUCTION TYPE - Bias Ply vs. Radial TIRE APPLICATION KIND - (ST) Special Trailer vs. (P) Passenger Automotive TIRE SIZE - % of part peak / section width Refereed to as 'Aspect Ratio' All tires are assured !<br><br>It took me without end to find tires. I looked at all the major rivals they usually all appeared to be out of stock particularly close to the winter season. I lastly checked out and sure enough they'd my tire in inventory and so they have been delivered in a very timely method. I am very happy with my buy and plan on using TireBuyer for my future purchases from here on out. Thanks TireBuyer. Tire Gross sales and Service is a tire and automotive service business positioned in Fayetteville, North Carolina. We're a household owned business that has been a part of the Fayetteville neighborhood since 1972. That is over forty years of experiencing in promoting tires and offering auto service to Fayetteville, NC and the encompassing areas. Kumho Tires      <br><br>The unit is a part of Goodyear's normal products division, which accounted for greater than $2 billion of Goodyear's $eleven billion in revenues final year. That division consists of Goodyear's chemical business, films, industrial merchandise and roofing merchandise. Though the company doesn't itemize outcomes for its polyester enterprise, it said the unit had been profitable. No Date Set on Sale A spokesman said the Goodyear had acquired several inquiries about shopping for the unit since Stanley C. Gault, the then-retired chairman of Rubbermaid Inc. came to Goodyear this yr as chairman and chief govt. Mr. Gault announced that the company would start a new push to promote property. A spokesman declined to take a position on a date for a sale of the unit. Gentle truck tires<br><br>Once you go to these showrooms or firms it's good to inform them nicely that what you want to do via your tractor in order that the individual there might enable you to in finest way. Telling all this is able to help him to guide you for the correct tires that you'd need. Often it is most popular to buy massive tires as entrance tires plays the most main function in no matter operate a tractor performs. In actual fact if you have trendy tractor with you of any new mannequin chances are you'll than purchase all tires of same size. Tell all about your tractor to get one of the best steerage from skilled.
 
DSA is covered by {{US patent|5231668}}, filed July 26, 1991 and attributed to David W. Kravitz,<ref>[http://www.certicom.com/index.php/dr-david-kravitz Dr. David W. Kravitz]</ref> a former [[National Security Agency|NSA]] employee. This patent was given to "The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, Washington, D.C.", and NIST has made this patent available worldwide [[royalty-free]].<ref>Werner Koch. [http://lists.gnupg.org/pipermail/gnupg-devel/1997-December/014123.html DSA and patents]</ref> [[Claus P. Schnorr]] claims that his {{US patent|4995082}} (expired) covered DSA; this claim is disputed.<ref>[http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SMA/ispab/documents/94-rpt.txt Minutes of the Sept. 94 meeting of the Computer System Security and Privacy Advisory Board]</ref> DSA is a variant of the [[ElGamal signature scheme|ElGamal Signature Scheme]]
 
==Key generation==
Key generation has two phases. The first phase is a choice of ''algorithm parameters'' which may be shared between different users of the system, while the second phase computes public and private keys for a single user.
 
===Parameter generation===
* Choose an approved [[cryptographic hash function]] ''H''. In the original DSS, ''H'' was always [[SHA-1]], but the stronger [[SHA-2]] hash functions are approved for use in the current DSS.<ref name="FIPS-186-4" /><ref name="FIPS-180-4">[http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-4/fips-180-4.pdf FIPS PUB 180-4]: Secure Hash Standard (SHS), March 2012</ref> The hash output may be truncated to the size of a key pair.
* Decide on a key length ''L'' and ''N''. This is the primary measure of the [[cryptographic strength]] of the key. The original DSS constrained ''L'' to be a multiple of 64 between 512 and 1024 (inclusive). NIST 800-57 recommends lengths of 2048 (or 3072) for keys with security lifetimes extending beyond 2010 (or 2030), using correspondingly longer ''N''.<ref>[http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-57/sp800-57-Part1-revised2_Mar08-2007.pdf NIST Special Publication 800-57]</ref> FIPS 186-3 specifies ''L'' and ''N'' length pairs of (1024,160), (2048,224), (2048,256), and (3072,256).<ref name="FIPS-186-3" />
* Choose an ''N''-bit prime ''q''. ''N'' must be less than or equal to the hash output length.
* Choose an ''L''-bit prime modulus ''p'' such that ''p''–1 is a multiple of ''q''.
* Choose ''g'', a number whose [[multiplicative order]] modulo ''p'' is ''q''. This may be done by setting ''g'' = ''h''<sup>(''p''–1)/''q''</sup> mod ''p'' for some arbitrary ''h'' (1 &lt; ''h'' &lt; ''p''−1), and trying again with a different ''h'' if the result comes out as 1. Most choices of ''h'' will lead to a usable ''g''; commonly ''h''=2 is used.
The algorithm parameters (''p'', ''q'', ''g'') may be shared between different users of the system.
 
===Per-user keys===
Given a set of parameters, the second phase computes private and public keys for a single user:
* Choose ''x'' by some random method, where 0 &lt; ''x''&nbsp;<&nbsp;''q''.
* Calculate ''y'' = ''g<sup>x</sup>'' mod ''p''.
* Public key is (''p'', ''q'', ''g'', ''y''). Private key is ''x''.
 
There exist efficient algorithms for computing the [[modular exponentiation]]s  ''h''<sup>(''p''–1)/''q''</sup> mod ''p'' and ''g<sup>x</sup>'' mod ''p'', such as [[exponentiation by squaring]].
 
==Signing==
 
Let <math>H</math> be the hashing function and <math>m</math> the message:
* Generate a random per-message value <math>k</math> where <math>0 < k < q</math>
* Calculate <math>r=\left(g^{k}\bmod\,p\right)\bmod\,q</math>
* In the unlikely case that <math>r=0</math>, start again with a different random <math>k</math>
* Calculate <math>s=k^{-1}\left(H\left(m\right)+xr\right)\bmod\,q</math>
* In the unlikely case that <math>s=0</math>, start again with a different random <math>k</math>
* The signature is <math>\left(r,s\right)</math>
 
The first two steps amount to creating a new per-message key. The modular exponentiation here is the most computationally expensive part of the signing operation, and it may be computed before the message hash is known.
The modular inverse <math>k^{-1}\bmod\,q</math> is the second most expensive part, and it may also be computed before the message hash is known. It may be computed using the [[extended Euclidean algorithm]] or using [[Fermat's little theorem]] as <math>k^{q-2}\bmod\,q</math>.
 
==Verifying==
* Reject the signature if <math>0<r<q</math> or <math>0<s<q</math> is not satisfied.
* Calculate <math>w=s^{-1}\bmod\,q</math>
* Calculate <math>u_{1}=H\left(m\right)\cdot w\,\bmod\,q</math>
* Calculate <math>u_{2}=r\cdot w\,\bmod\,q</math>
* Calculate <math>v=\left(\left(g^{u_{1}}y^{u_{2}}\right)\bmod\,p\right)\bmod\,q</math>
* The signature is valid if <math>v=r</math>
 
DSA is similar to the [[ElGamal signature scheme]].
 
==Correctness of the algorithm==
The signature scheme is correct in the sense that the verifier will always accept genuine signatures. This can be shown as follows:
 
First, if ''g'' = ''h<sup>(''p''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;1)/''q''</sup>'' mod ''p'' it follows that
''g<sup>q</sup>'' ≡ ''h''<sup>''p''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;1</sup> ≡ 1 (mod&nbsp;''p'') by
[[Fermat's little theorem]]. Since ''g''&nbsp;>&nbsp;1 and ''q'' is prime, ''g'' must have order&nbsp;''q''.
 
The signer computes
 
:<math>s=k^{-1}(H(m)+xr)\bmod\,q</math>
 
Thus
 
:<math>
\begin{align}
k & \equiv H(m)s^{-1}+xrs^{-1}\\
  & \equiv H(m)w + xrw \pmod{q}
\end{align}
</math>
 
Since ''g'' has order ''q'' (mod p) we have
 
:<math>
\begin{align}
g^k & \equiv g^{H(m)w}g^{xrw}\\
    & \equiv g^{H(m)w}y^{rw}\\
    & \equiv g^{u1}y^{u2} \pmod{p}
\end{align}
</math>
 
Finally, the correctness of DSA follows from
 
:<math>\begin{align}
  r &= (g^k \bmod\,p) \bmod\,q\\
  &= (g^{u1}y^{u2} \bmod\,p) \bmod\,q\\
  &= v
\end{align}</math>
 
==Sensitivity==
With DSA, the entropy, secrecy, and uniqueness of the random signature value ''k'' is critical. It is so critical that violating any one of those three requirements can reveal the entire private key to an attacker.<ref>[http://rdist.root.org/2009/05/17/the-debian-pgp-disaster-that-almost-was/ The Debian PGP disaster that almost was]</ref> Using the same value twice (even while keeping ''k'' secret), using a predictable value, or leaking even a few bits of ''k'' in each of several signatures, is enough to break DSA.<ref>[http://rdist.root.org/2010/11/19/dsa-requirements-for-random-k-value/ DSA ''k''-value Requirements]</ref>
 
In December 2010, a group calling itself ''fail0verflow'' announced recovery of the [[ECDSA]] private key used by [[Sony]] to sign software for the [[PlayStation 3]] game console. The attack was made possible because Sony failed to generate a new random ''k'' for each signature.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bendel|first=Mike|title=Hackers Describe PS3 Security As Epic Fail, Gain Unrestricted Access|publisher=Exophase.com|date=2010-12-29|url=http://exophase.com/20540/hackers-describe-ps3-security-as-epic-fail-gain-unrestricted-access/|accessdate=2011-01-05}}</ref>
 
This issue can be prevented by deriving ''k'' deterministically from the private key and the message hash, as described by RFC 6979. This ensures that ''k'' is different for each ''H(m)'' and unpredictable for attackers who do not know ''x''.
 
==See also==
* [[Elliptic Curve DSA]]
* [[Modular arithmetic]]
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
 
==External links==
* [http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.186-4.pdf FIPS PUB 186-4: Digital Signature Standard (DSS)], the fourth (and current) revision of the official DSA specification.
* [http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-57/sp800-57-Part1-revised2_Mar08-2007.pdf Recommendation for Key Management -- Part 1: general], NIST Special Publication 800-57, p.&nbsp;62&ndash;63
 
{{Cryptography navbox | public-key}}
 
[[Category:Digital signature schemes]]

Latest revision as of 15:47, 12 January 2015

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You order the scale and form of tire that you simply want via the net, and normally will pay for them together with your credit card. Most of the time, if the tire or tires you're on the lookout for are not in inventory, the seller will have the ability to find them for you through a network of other stores that sell tires Usually, you don't have to pay gross sales tax on the tires that you just buy on-line, and this in itself is a large savings. Additionally should you find a worthy web site just be sure you do a little search about it in an attempt to find some form of low cost coupons so that you purchase will be even more worth it. On this method you get one of the best chrome wheels deals online. Tips on how to Choose the Right Tires How one can Make a Cheap Ceiling Easy methods to Construct a Low cost Custom Bar TRUCK TIRES The way to Start a Tire Store Load on tires

What's essential is that the standard remains high,” mentioned Maria Lucia Lazzarini, head of gross sales and licensing for Lamborghini's fashion and accessory products. She stated the equipment enterprise was profitable but wouldn't give particulars of the monetary efficiency. If you have any questions about the place and how to use purchase new or used tires, you can contact us at our own site. Mickie's Area Gross sales Machine system should be learn by those that do firm with domains. You might test it out at the website and see how it can give you edge inside the framework of performing an incredible enterprise out of buying and promoting domain names. This is a system which is easy and yet profitable notably within the occasion you comply with the short steps to make sure that you may keep away from the mistakes several domainers do. learn more

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Quite often consumers are unsure the best way to read or interpret specifications on a tire aspect wall. This downside is compounded by the Trailer Tire Industry's use of three completely different measurement identification methods on trailer tires. The next are examples and explanations of tire code. Along with being the OE tires for the Lotus Exige, Yokohama Tires ' flagship ADVAN line is now authentic tools on many different world's fastest and most prestigious automobiles, such as the Bentley Continental GT, Bentley's Continental Flying Spur, the Lotus Elise , 2006 Porsche 911 Carrera four, and Lexus GS300 and GS430. 1500 Aug 14 22" lexani wheels and tires 5x120 of my bmw 745li $1500 (fremont / union city / newark) auto elements - by owner Featured Used Tire Brands

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The unit is a part of Goodyear's normal products division, which accounted for greater than $2 billion of Goodyear's $eleven billion in revenues final year. That division consists of Goodyear's chemical business, films, industrial merchandise and roofing merchandise. Though the company doesn't itemize outcomes for its polyester enterprise, it said the unit had been profitable. No Date Set on Sale A spokesman said the Goodyear had acquired several inquiries about shopping for the unit since Stanley C. Gault, the then-retired chairman of Rubbermaid Inc. came to Goodyear this yr as chairman and chief govt. Mr. Gault announced that the company would start a new push to promote property. A spokesman declined to take a position on a date for a sale of the unit. Gentle truck tires

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