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| {{Infobox software
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| |name = Robocopy
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| |logo =
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| |screenshot =
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| |caption =
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| |developer = [[Microsoft]]
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| |operating_system = [[Windows NT]], [[Windows 2000]], [[Windows XP]], [[Windows Server 2003]], [[Windows Vista]], [[Windows 7]], [[Windows Server 2008]], [[Windows Server 2012]]
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| |latest release version = 6.1
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| |license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
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| }}
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| '''Robocopy''', or "Robust File Copy", is a [[command line interface|command-line]] directory and/or file replication [[command (computing)|command]]. Robocopy functionally replaces [[Xcopy]], with more options. It has been available as part of the [[Windows Resource Kit]] starting with Windows NT 4.0, and was first introduced as a standard feature in [[Windows Vista]] and [[Windows Server 2008]]. The command is <tt>robocopy</tt>.
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| ==Features==
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| Robocopy is noted for capabilities above and beyond the built-in Windows [[copy (command)|copy]] and [[XCOPY|xcopy]] commands, including the following:
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| *Ability to tolerate network interruptions and resume copying. (incomplete files are marked with a date stamp of 1980-01-01 and contain a recovery record so Robocopy knows where to continue from)
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| *Ability to skip [[NTFS junction point]]s which can cause copying failures because of infinite loops (<code>/XJ</code>)
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| *Ability to copy file data and attributes correctly, and to preserve original timestamps, as well as NTFS [[Access Control List|ACL]]s, owner information, and audit information using [[command line switch]]es. (<code>/COPYALL</code> or <code>/COPY:</code>) Copying folder timestamps is also possible in later versions (<code>/DCOPY:T</code>).
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| *Ability to assert the [[Windows NT]] "backup right" (<code>/B</code>) so an administrator may copy an entire directory, including files denied readability to the administrator.
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| *Persistence by default, with a programmable number of automatic retries if a file cannot be opened.
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| *A "mirror" mode, which keeps trees in sync by optionally deleting files out of the destination that are no longer present in the source.
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| *Ability to skip files that already appear in the destination folder with identical size and timestamp.
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| *A continuously updated command-line progress indicator.
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| *Ability to copy file and folder names exceeding 256 characters — up to a theoretical limit of 32,000 characters — without errors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://windowsitpro.com/Windows/Articles/ArticleID/44324/pg/2/2.html |title=Robocopy XP010 FAQ |publisher=Windowsitpro.com |date=2004-11-15 |accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref>
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| *Multithreaded copying. (Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/granth/archive/2009/12/07/multi-threaded-robocopy-for-faster-copies.aspx |title=Multi-threaded robocopy for faster copies - Grant Holliday's Blog - Site Home - MSDN Blogs |publisher=Blogs.msdn.com |date=2009-10-23 |accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref>
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| *Return code<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/954404/en-us |title=Return codes that are used by the Robocopy utility in Windows Server 2008 or Windows Server 2008 R2 |publisher=Support.microsoft.com |date=2012-02-17 |accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref> on program termination for batch file usage.
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| ==Limitations==
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| ===No open files===
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| Robocopy will not copy open files. Any process may open files for exclusive read access by withholding the <code>FILE_SHARE_READ</code><ref>
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| http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa363858.aspx
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| {{cite web
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| | url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa363858.aspx
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| | title = CreateFile function
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| | publisher = MSDN
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| | quote = FILE_SHARE_READ [...] Enables subsequent open operations on a file or device to request read access. Otherwise, other processes cannot open the file or device if they request read access.
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| }}
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| </ref> flag during opening. Even robocopy's ''Backup mode'' will not touch those files. (''Backup mode'' instead runs Robocopy as a "Backup Operator". This allows Robocopy to override permissions settings (specifically, NTFS [[Access Control List|ACL]]s).<ref>
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| {{cite web
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| | url = http://theether.net/download/Microsoft/Utilities/robocopy.pdf
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| | title = Robocopy.exe - Robust File Copy Utility - Version XP010
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| | quote = Backup mode copies [...] enable you to copy some files as a Backup Operator that you would not be able to copy as a normal user.
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| }}
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| </ref>
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| <ref>
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| {{cite web
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| | url = http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc756898(v=ws.10).aspx
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| | title = Default groups
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| | publisher = Microsoft TechNet
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| | quote = Backup Operators [...] Members of this group can back up and restore all files [...], regardless of their own individual permissions on those files.
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| }}
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| </ref>)
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| The Windows [[Volume Shadow Copy]] service is used for such situations, but Robocopy does not use it. Therefore Robocopy is not useful for backing up live operating system volumes. However, one can use a separate utility, such as GSCopyPro or <code>DiskShadow.exe</code><ref> | |
| {{cite web
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| | url = http://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc772172(v=ws.10).aspx
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| | title = Diskshadow
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| | publisher = Microsoft TechNet
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| | quote = DiskShadow.exe is a tool that exposes the functionality offered by the Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS).
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| | accessdate = 2013-03-06
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| }}
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| </ref> (included with [[Windows Server 2008]]), to create a shadow copy of a given volume, which Robocopy can then be directed to back up.
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| ===XP mirroring bug===
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| Robocopy versions on systems older than Windows Vista do not mirror properly. They ignore changed security attributes of previously mirrored files.<ref>
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| {{cite web
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| |url=http://www.zdnet.com.au/blogs/snorage/soa/Microsoft-s-Robocopy-compromise/0,2000064373,339291041,00.htm
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| |title=Microsoft's Robocopy compromise
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| |publisher=ZDNet
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| |date=2008-08-04
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| |accessdate=2012-11-11
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| }}
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| </ref> | |
| <ref>
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| {{cite web
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| |url=http://msmvps.com/blogs/martinzugec/archive/2008/03/03/ugly-bug-in-robocopy-ignoring-security-on-file-level.aspx
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| |title=Ugly bug in Robocopy - ignoring security on file level - Martin Zugec blog
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| |publisher=Msmvps.com
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| |date=2008-03-03
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| |accessdate=2012-11-11
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| }}
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| </ref>
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| ===Wildcarding treatment===
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| The <code>/XF</code> switch does not work if given both a directory and a wildcard. For example <code>/XF pictures\*.jpg</code> generates an error.
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| ==Common usage scenarios==
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| * Copy directory contents of {{code|A}} to {{code|B}} (including file data, attributes and timestamps), recursively with empty directories (<code>/E</code>):
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| :<code>Robocopy C:\A C:\B /E</code>
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| * Copy directory [[Recursion (computer science)|recursively]] (<code>/E</code>), copy all file information (<code>/COPYALL</code>, equivalent to <code>/COPY:DATSOU</code>, <code>D</code>=Data, <code>A</code>=Attributes, <code>T</code>=Timestamps, <code>S</code>=Security=[[NTFS]] [[Access control list|ACL]]s, O=Owner info, U=aUditing info), do not retry locked files (<code>/R:0</code>)(the number of retries on failed copies default value is 1 million), preserve original directories' Timestamps (<code>/DCOPY:T</code> - requires version XP026 or later):
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| :<code>Robocopy C:\A C:\B /COPYALL /E /R:0 /DCOPY:T</code>
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| * Mirror A to B, destroying any files in B that are not present in A (/MIR), copy files in resume mode (/Z) in case network connection is lost:
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| :<code>Robocopy C:\A \\backupserver\B /MIR /Z</code>
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| For the full reference, see the Microsoft TechNet Robocopy page.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc733145(WS.10).aspx |title=Robocopy |publisher=Technet.microsoft.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref>
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| ==Folder copier, not file copier==
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| Robocopy syntax is markedly different from standard copy commands, as it accepts only folder names as its source and destination arguments. File names and wild-card characters (such as "'''[[*.*]]'''") are not valid source or destination arguments. Files may be selected or excluded using the optional [[filespec]] filtering argument. Filespecs can only refer to the filenames relative to the folders already selected for copying. Fully qualified path names are not supported.
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| For example, in order to copy the file '''foo.txt''' from directory '''c:\bar''' to '''c:\baz''', one could use the following syntax:
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| Robocopy c:\bar c:\baz foo.txt
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| ==Bandwidth throttling==
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| Robocopy's "[[Interframe gap|inter-packet gap]]" (IPG) option allows some control over the network bandwidth used in a session. In theory, the following formula expresses the delay (D, in milliseconds) required to simulate a desired bandwidth (B<sub>D</sub>, in kilobits per second), over a network link with an available bandwidth of B<sub>A</sub> kbps:
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| <math>D = {B_A - B_D \over B_A \times B_D} \times 512 \times 1000</math>
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| In practice however, some experimentation is usually required to find a suitable delay, due to factors such as the nature and volume of other traffic on the network. The methodology employed by the IPG option may not offer the same level of control provided by some other bandwidth throttling technologies, such as [[Background Intelligent Transfer Service|BITS]] (which is used by [[Windows Update]] and BranchCache).
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| ==GUI front-end==
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| Although Robocopy itself is a command-line tool, [[Microsoft Technet]] has provided a [[GUI]] front-end. The GUI requires the installation of the [[.NET Framework]] 2.0 (40 MB), if it is not already installed. It was developed by Derk Benisch, a systems engineer with the [[MSN Search]] group at Microsoft.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author=Joshua Hoffman|coauthors= |title=Utility Spotlight Robocopy GUI|url=http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc160891.aspx|work=TechNet Magazine|publisher=Microsoft Corporation and CMP Media, LLC|location= |id= |pages= |page= |date= November 2006|accessdate=2008-07-17 |language= |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref> The Microsoft Robocopy GUI also includes version XP026 of Robocopy. When downloaded from the TechNet link below, the version reported is "Microsoft Robocopy GUI 3.1.1."
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| There are other non-Microsoft GUIs for Robocopy:
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| * "WinRoboCopy" revision 1.2.4587.2115 released on July 23, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upway2late.com/projects/winrobocopy |title=WinRoboCopy - UpWay2Late.com Software |publisher=Upway2late.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref>
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| * "Easy RoboCopy" latest version 1.0.13 released in January 11, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribblesoft.com/EasyRoboCopy.php |title=Easy RoboCopy |publisher=TribbleSoft |date= |accessdate=2012-11-23}}</ref>
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| * A program by SH-Soft, also called "Robocopy GUI" v1.0.0.24 (October 8, 2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sh-soft.com/front_content.php?idcatart=156 |title=SH-RoboCopy GUI |publisher=SH-Soft |date= |accessdate=2012-11-23}}</ref>
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| A copying program with a GUI, [[RichCopy]], is also available on Microsoft's Technet. While it is not based on Robocopy, it offers similar features, and it does not require the installation of the .NET 2.0 framework.
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| <ref>{{cite news |first=Joshua |last=Hoffman |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Free Utility: RichCopy, an Advanced Alternative to RoboCopy |url=http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2009.04.utilityspotlight.aspx |work=TechNet Magazine|publisher=Microsoft Corporation and CMP Media, LLC|location= |id= |pages= |page= |date= November 2006|accessdate=2008-07-17 |language= |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref>
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| == Versions ==
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| Note: Several versions of Robocopy do not show the version number when executing Robocopy /? on the command line.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| ! Product version !! File version !! Year !! Origin !! Other
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| |-
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| ! 1.70
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| | - || 1997 || Windows NT Resource Kit ||
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| |-
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| ! 1.71
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| | 4.0.1.71 || 1997 || Windows NT Resource Kit ||
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| |-
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| ! 1.95
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| | 4.0.1.95 || 1999 || Windows 2000 Resource Kit ||
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| |-
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| ! 1.96
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| | 4.0.1.96 || 1999 || Windows 2000 Resource Kit || (c) 1995-1997
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| |-
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| ! XP010
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| | 5.1.1.1010 || 2003 || [[Windows 2003]] Resource Kit ||
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| |-
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| ! XP026
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| | 5.1.2600.26 || 2005 || Downloaded with Robocopy GUI v.3.1.2 ||
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| |-
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| ! XP027
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| | 5.1.10.1027 || 2008 || Bundled with [[Windows Vista]], Server 2008, [[Windows 7]] || (c) 1995-2004
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| |-
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| ! 6.1
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| | 6.1.7601 || 2009 || [http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2639043 KB2639043] || (c) 2009
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| |-
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| ! 6.2
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| | 6.2.9200 || 2012 || Bundled with [[Windows 8]] || (c) 2012
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| |-
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| ! 6.3
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| | 6.3.9600 || 2013 || Bundled with [[Windows 8.1]] || (c) 2013
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| |}
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| == See also ==
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| * [[List of file copying software]]
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| * Command line
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| ** [[List of DOS commands]]
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| ** [[copy (command)]]
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| ** [[XCOPY]]
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| ** [[rsync]]
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| * GUI
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| ** [[SyncToy]]
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| ** [[RichCopy]]
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| ** [[Ultracopier]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| * Official sources
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| **[http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=9d467a69-57ff-4ae7-96ee-b18c4790cffd&displaylang=en Robocopy download] (Version XP010) as part of Windows Server 2003 Resource Kit Tools. Includes 35-page documentation "robocopy.doc".
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| **[http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc733145(WS.10).aspx Robocopy short documentation] on Microsoft TechNet Library
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| **[http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc160891.aspx Robocopy GUI download] (Version 3.1.2.0) on Microsoft TechNet Magazine
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| * Other
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| **[http://ss64.com/nt/robocopy.html ROBOCOPY.exe (XP Resource Kit/Standard Vista command)]
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| **[http://theether.net/download/Microsoft/Utilities/robocopy.pdf Robocopy.exe Robust File Copy Utility Version XP010] (35-page manual about Robocopy version code "XP010". PDF-Version of the "robocopy.doc"-file distributed with Windows Server 2003 Resource Kit Tools.)
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| {{Windows commands}}
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| [[Category:File copy utility]]
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| [[Category:Windows disk file systems]]
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| [[Category:Microsoft Windows file system technology]]
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