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Alyson Meagher is the name her parents gave her but she doesn't like when people use her full name. The favorite hobby for him and his kids is to perform lacross and he would by no means give it up. Alaska is where he's usually been residing. Since he was eighteen he's been operating as an information officer but he plans on altering it.<br><br>my web site ... [http://www.atvriders.tv/uprofile.php?UID=292609 free online tarot card readings]
In [[mathematics]], a '''transcendental number''' is a (possibly [[complex number|complex]]) number that is not [[algebraic number|algebraic]]—that is, it is not a [[root of a function|root]] of a non-zero [[polynomial]] equation with [[rational number|rational]] [[coefficient]]s. The most prominent examples of transcendental numbers are [[Pi|π]] and ''[[E (mathematical constant)|e]]''. Though only a few classes of transcendental numbers are known (in part because it can be extremely difficult to show that a given number is transcendental), transcendental numbers are not rare. Indeed, [[almost all]] [[real number|real]] and complex numbers are transcendental, since the algebraic numbers are [[countable]] while the sets of real and complex numbers are both [[uncountable]]. All real transcendental numbers are [[irrational number|irrational]], since all rational numbers are algebraic. The [[Conversion (logic)|converse]] is not true: not all irrational numbers are transcendental; e.g., the [[square root of 2]] is irrational but not a transcendental number, since it is a solution of the polynomial equation ''x''<sup>2</sup> − 2 = 0.
 
==History==
The name "transcendental" comes from [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]] in his 1682 paper where he proved [[Sine|Sin]] ''x'' is not an [[algebraic function]] of ''x''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Leibnizens mathematische Schriften|author=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Karl Immanuel Gerhardt, Georg Heinrich Pertz|publisher=A. Asher & Co.|year=1858|volume=5|pages=97–98}}[http://books.google.com/books?id=ugA3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA97]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Elements of the History of Mathematics|author=Nicolás Bourbaki|publisher=Springer|year=1994|page=74}}</ref>  [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]] was probably the first person to define transcendental ''numbers'' in the modern sense.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2690369|title=Some Remarks and Problems in Number Theory Related to the Work of Euler|author=[[Paul Erdős]], Underwood Dudley|journal=Mathematics Magazine|volume=76|issue=5|date=December 1943|pages=292–299|jstor=2690369}}</ref>
 
[[Joseph Liouville]] first proved the existence of transcendental numbers in 1844,<ref>{{cite journal|title=On Transcendental Numbers|author=Aubrey J. Kempner|journal=Transactions of the American Mathematical Society|volume=17|issue=4|date=October 1916|pages=476–482|doi=10.2307/1988833|publisher=American Mathematical Society|jstor=1988833}}</ref> and in 1851 gave the first decimal examples such as the Liouville constant
 
:<math>\sum_{k=1}^\infty 10^{-k!} = 0.1100010000000000000000010000\ldots</math>
 
in which the ''n''th digit after the decimal point is 1 if ''n'' is equal to ''k''! (''k'' [[factorial]]) for some ''k'' and 0 otherwise.<ref>[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LiouvillesConstant.html Weisstein, Eric W. "Liouville's Constant", MathWorld]</ref> Liouville showed that this number is what we now call a [[Liouville number]]; this essentially means that it can be more closely approximated by [[rational number]]s than can any irrational algebraic number. Liouville showed that all Liouville numbers are transcendental.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sur des classes très étendues de quantités dont la valeur n'est ni algébrique, ni même réductible à des irrationnelles algébriques|author=J. Liouville|journal=J. Math. Pures et Appl.|volume=16|year=1851|pages=133–142|url=http://www-mathdoc.ujf-grenoble.fr/JMPA/PDF/JMPA_1851_1_16_A5_0.pdf}}</ref>
 
[[Johann Heinrich Lambert]] conjectured that ''[[E (mathematical constant)|e]]'' and [[Pi|π]] were both transcendental numbers in his 1761 paper proving the number π is [[irrational number|irrational]]. The first number to be proven transcendental without having been specifically constructed for the purpose was ''e'', by [[Charles Hermite]] in 1873.
 
In 1874, [[Georg Cantor]] proved that the algebraic numbers are countable and the real numbers are uncountable.  He also gave a [[Cantor's first uncountability proof|new method]] for constructing transcendental numbers.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Über eine Eigenschaft des Ingebriffes aller reelen algebraischen Zahlen|author=Georg Cantor|journal=J. Reine Angew. Math.|volume=77|year=1874|pages=258–262|url=http://www.digizeitschriften.de/main/dms/img/?PPN=GDZPPN002155583}}</ref> In 1878, Cantor published a construction that proves there are as many transcendental numbers as there are real numbers.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ein Beitrag zur Mannigfaltigkeitslehre|author=Georg Cantor|journal=J. Reine Angew. Math.|volume=84|year=1878|pages=242–258|url=http://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/img/?PPN=PPN243919689_0084&DMDID=dmdlog15}} (Cantor's construction builds a [[one-to-one correspondence]] between the set of transcendental numbers and the set of real numbers. In this article, Cantor only applies his construction to the set of irrational numbers. See p. 254.)</ref> Cantor's work established the ubiquity of transcendental numbers.
 
In 1882, [[Ferdinand von Lindemann]] published a proof that the number π is transcendental. He first showed that ''e'' to any nonzero algebraic power is transcendental, and since ''e''<sup>''i''π</sup> = −1 is algebraic (see [[Euler's identity]]), ''i''π and therefore π must be transcendental. This approach was generalized by [[Karl Weierstrass]] to the [[Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem]]. The transcendence of π allowed the proof of the impossibility of several ancient geometric constructions involving [[compass and straightedge]], including the most famous one, [[squaring the circle]].
 
In 1900, [[David Hilbert]] posed an influential question about transcendental numbers, [[Hilbert's seventh problem]]: If ''a'' is an algebraic number, that is not zero or one, and ''b'' is an irrational [[algebraic number]], is ''a''<sup>''b''</sup> necessarily transcendental? The affirmative answer was provided in 1934 by the [[Gelfond–Schneider theorem]]. This work was extended by [[Alan Baker (mathematician)|Alan Baker]] in the 1960s in his work on lower bounds for linear forms in any number of logarithms (of algebraic numbers).<ref>J J O'Connor and E F Robertson: [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Baker_Alan.html Alan Baker]. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 1998.</ref>
 
==Properties==
The set of transcendental numbers is [[uncountable|uncountably infinite]]. Since the polynomials with integer coefficients are [[countable]], and since each such polynomial has a finite number of [[root of a function|zeroes]], the [[algebraic number]]s must also be countable. But [[Cantor's diagonal argument]] proves that the real numbers (and therefore also the complex numbers) are uncountable; so the set of all transcendental numbers must also be uncountable.
 
No [[rational number]] is transcendental and all real transcendental numbers are irrational. A rational number can be written as ''p''/''q'', where ''p'' and ''q'' are integers. Thus, ''p''/''q'' is the root of ''qx''&nbsp;−&nbsp;''p''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0. However, some [[irrational number]]s are not transcendental.  For example, the [[square root of 2]] is irrational and not transcendental (because it is a solution of the polynomial equation ''x''<sup>2</sup> − 2 = 0). The same is true for the square root of other non-perfect squares.
 
Any non-constant [[algebraic function]] of a single variable yields a transcendental value when applied to a transcendental argument. For example, from knowing that π is transcendental, we can immediately deduce that numbers such as 5π, (π − 3)/√{{overline|2}}, (√{{overline|π}} − √{{overline|3}})<sup>8</sup> and (π<sup>5</sup> + 7)<sup>1/7</sup> are transcendental as well.
 
However, an algebraic function of several variables may yield an algebraic number when applied to transcendental numbers if these numbers are not [[algebraically independent]]. For example, π and (1 − π) are both transcendental, but π + (1 − π) = 1 is obviously not. It is unknown whether π + ''e'', for example, is transcendental, though at least one of π + ''e'' and π''e'' must be transcendental. More generally, for any two transcendental numbers ''a'' and ''b'', at least one of ''a'' + ''b'' and ''ab'' must be transcendental. To see this, consider the polynomial (''x'' − ''a'')(''x'' − ''b'') = ''x''<sup>2</sup> − (''a'' + ''b'')''x'' + ''ab''. If (''a'' + ''b'') and ''ab'' were both algebraic, then this would be a polynomial with algebraic coefficients. Because algebraic numbers form an [[algebraically closed field]], this would imply that the roots of the polynomial, ''a'' and ''b'', must be algebraic. But this is a contradiction, and thus it must be the case that at least one of the coefficients is transcendental.
 
The [[computable number|non-computable numbers]] are a [[strict subset]] of the transcendental numbers.
 
All [[Liouville number]]s are transcendental, but not vice versa. Any Liouville number must have unbounded partial quotients in its [[continued fraction]] expansion. Using a [[counting argument]] one can show that there exist transcendental numbers which have bounded partial quotients and hence are not Liouville numbers.
 
Using the explicit continued fraction expansion of ''e'', one can show that ''e'' is not a Liouville number (although the partial quotients in its continued fraction expansion are unbounded). [[Kurt Mahler]] showed in 1953 that π is also not a Liouville number. It is conjectured that all infinite continued fractions with bounded terms that are not eventually periodic are transcendental (eventually periodic continued fractions correspond to quadratic irrationals).<ref>{{cite journal|title=On the complexity of algebraic numbers, II. Continued fractions|author=Boris Adamczewski and Yann Bugeaud|journal=Acta Mathematica|volume=195|issue=1|date=March 2005|pages=1–20|doi=10.1007/BF02588048}}</ref>
 
A related class of numbers are [[closed-form number]]s, which may be defined in various ways, including rational numbers (and in some definitions all algebraic numbers), but also allow exponentiation and logarithm.
 
==Numbers proven to be transcendental==
Numbers proven to be transcendental:
 
* ''[[e (mathematical constant)|e]]<sup>a</sup>'' if ''a'' is [[Algebraic number|Algebraic]] and nonzero (by the [[Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem]]).
*[[Pi|π]] (by the [[Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem]]).
* ''e''<sup>π</sup>, [[Gelfond's constant]], as well as ''e''<sup>−π/2</sup>=''i'' <sup>i</sup> (by the [[Gelfond–Schneider theorem]]).
* ''a<sup>b</sup>'' where ''a'' is algebraic but not 0 or 1, and ''b'' is irrational algebraic (by the Gelfond–Schneider theorem), in particular:
::<math>2^\sqrt{2},</math>
:the [[Gelfond–Schneider constant]] (or Hilbert number).
*The Continued Fraction Constant, [[Carl Ludwig Siegel]] (1929)
:<math>
{1+\cfrac{1}{2+\cfrac{1}{3+\cfrac{1}{4+\cfrac{1}{5+\cfrac{1}{6+\ddots}}}}}}
</math>
*[[trigonometric function|sin]](''a''), cos(''a'') and tan(''a''), and their multiplicative inverses csc(''a''), sec(''a'') and cot(''a''), for any nonzero algebraic number ''a'' (by the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem).
*[[natural logarithm|ln]](''a'') if ''a'' is algebraic and not equal to 0 or 1, for any branch of the logarithm function (by the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem).
*''[[Lambert W Function|W]]''(''a'') if ''a'' is algebraic and nonzero, for any branch of the Lambert W Function (by the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem).
*[[gamma function|Γ]](1/3),<ref>Le Lionnais, F. Les nombres remarquables (ISBN 2-7056-1407-9). Paris: Hermann, p. 46, 1979. via Wolfram Mathworld, [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TranscendentalNumber.html Transcendental Number]</ref> Γ(1/4),<ref name = "Chudnovsky">{{cite book | last=Chudnovsky | first=G. V. | title=Contributions to the Theory of Transcendental Numbers | isbn=0-8218-1500-8 | location=Providence, RI | publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] | year=1984 }} via Wolfram Mathworld, [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TranscendentalNumber.html Transcendental Number]</ref> and Γ(1/6).<ref name = "Chudnovsky"/>
*0.12345678910111213141516..., the [[Champernowne constant]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=K. Mahler|title=Arithmetische Eigenschaften einer Klasse von Dezimalbrüchen|journal=Proc. Konin. Neder. Akad. Wet. Ser. A.|issue=40|year=1937|pages=421–428}}</ref><ref>Mahler (1976) p.12</ref>
*Ω, [[Chaitin's constant]] (since it is a non-computable number).<ref>{{cite book | title=Information and Randomness: An Algorithmic Perspective | series=Texts in Theoretical Computer Science | first=Cristian S. last=Calude | edition=2nd rev. and ext. | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | year=2002 | isbn=3-540-43466-6 | zbl=1055.68058 | page=239 }}</ref>
* The '''Fredholm number'''<ref>Allouche & Shallit (2003) pp.385,403</ref><ref name=Sha1999>{{cite book | editor1-first=Dennis A. | editor1-last=Hejhal | editor1-link=Dennis Hejhal | editor2-last=Friedman | editor2-first=Joel | editor3-last=Gutzwiller | editor3-first=Martin C. | editor3-link=Martin Gutzwiller | editor4-last=Odlyzko | editor4-first=Andrew M. | editor4-link=Andrew Odlyzko | title=Emerging applications of number theory. Based on the proceedings of the IMA summer program, Minneapolis, MN, USA, July 15--26, 1996 | series=The IMA volumes in mathematics and its applications | volume=109 | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | year=1999 | isbn=0-387-98824-6 | last=Shallit | first=Jeffrey | author1-link=Jeffrey Shallit | chapter=Number theory and formal languages | pages=547–570 }}</ref>
::<math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty 2^{-2^n}</math>
:more generally, any number of the form
::<math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty \beta^{2^n}</math>
:with 0 < |β| < 1 and β algebraic.<ref name=Lox1988>{{cite book | first=J. H. | last=Loxton | chapter=13.  Automata and transcendence | title=New Advances in Transcendence Theory | editor1-link=Alan Baker (mathematician) | editor1-first=A. |  editor1-last=Baker | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | year=1988 | isbn=0-521-33545-0 | zbl=0656.10032 | pages=215–228 }}</ref>
* The aforementioned Liouville constant
::<math>\sum_{n=1}^\infty 10^{-n!};</math>
:more generally any number of the form
::<math>\sum_{n=1}^\infty \beta^{n!}</math>
:with 0 < |β| < 1 and β algebraic
* The [[Prouhet–Thue–Morse constant]].<ref>{{cite journal | first=Kurt | last=Mahler | authorlink=Kurt Mahler | title=Arithmetische Eigenschaften der Lösungen einer Klasse von Funktionalgleichungen | journal=[[Math. Annalen]] | volume=101 | year=1929 | pages=342–366 | jfm=55.0115.01 }}</ref><ref>Allouche & Shallit (2003) p.387</ref>
* Any number for which the digits with respect to some fixed base form a [[Sturmian word]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Pytheas Fogg | first=N. | others=Editors Berthé, Valérie; Ferenczi, Sébastien; Mauduit, Christian; Siegel, A. | title=Substitutions in dynamics, arithmetics and combinatorics | series=Lecture Notes in Mathematics | volume=1794 | location=Berlin | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | year=2002 | isbn=3-540-44141-7 | zbl=1014.11015 }}</ref>
* For β > 1
::<math>\sum_{k=0}^\infty 10^{-\left\lfloor \beta^{k} \right\rfloor};</math>
:where <math>\beta\mapsto\lfloor \beta \rfloor</math> is the [[floor function]].
 
==Numbers which may or may not be transcendental==
Numbers for which it is currently unknown whether they are transcendental: they have neither been proven to be algebraic, nor proven to be transcendental:
* Most sums, products, powers, etc. of the number π and the [[E (mathematical constant)|number ''e'']], e.g. π + ''e'', π − ''e'', π''e'', π/''e'', π<sup>π</sup>, ''e''<sup>''e''</sup>, π<sup>''e''</sup>, π<sup>&radic;{{overline|2}}</sup>, ''e''<sup>π<sup>2</sup></sup> are not known to be rational, algebraic irrational or transcendental. Notable exceptions are π + ''e''<sup>π</sup>, π''e''<sup>π</sup> and ''e''<sup>π&radic;''{{overline|n}}''</sup> (for any positive integer ''n'') which have been proven to be transcendental.<ref>{{MathWorld|IrrationalNumber|Irrational Number}}</ref><ref>[http://mr.crossref.org/iPage/?doi=10.1070%2FSM1996v187n09ABEH000158 Modular functions and transcendence questions, Yu. V. Nesterenko, Sbornik: Mathematics(1996), 187(9):1319]</ref>
* The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] ''γ'' (which has not been proven to be irrational).
* [[Catalan's constant]], also not known to be irrational.
* [[Apéry's constant]], ζ(3) (which [[Apéry]] proved is irrational)
* The [[Riemann zeta function]] at other odd integers, ζ(5), ζ(7), ... (not known to be irrational.)
* The [[Feigenbaum constants]], δ and α.
 
Conjectures:
* [[Schanuel's conjecture]],
* [[Four exponentials conjecture]].
 
==Sketch of a proof that ''e'' is transcendental==
The first proof that [[E (mathematical constant)|the base of the natural logarithms, ''e'']], is transcendental dates from 1873. We will now follow the strategy of [[David Hilbert]] (1862–1943) who gave a simplification of the original proof of [[Charles Hermite]]. The idea is the following:
 
Assume, for purpose of finding a contradiction, that ''e'' is algebraic. Then there exists a finite set of integer coefficients ''c''<sub>0</sub>, ''c''<sub>1</sub>, ..., ''c<sub>n</sub>'' satisfying the equation:
 
:<math>c_{0}+c_{1}e+c_{2}e^{2}+\cdots+c_{n}e^{n}=0, \qquad c_0, c_n \neq 0.</math>
 
Now for a positive integer ''k'', we define the following polynomial:
 
:<math> f_k(x) = x^{k} \left [(x-1)\cdots(x-n) \right ]^{k+1},</math>
 
and multiply both sides of the above equation by
 
:<math>\int^{\infty}_{0} f_k e^{-x}\,dx,</math>
 
to arrive at the equation:
 
:<math>c_{0} \left (\int^{\infty}_{0} f_k e^{-x}\,dx\right )+ c_1e\left ( \int^{\infty}_{0}f_k e^{-x}\,dx\right )+\cdots+ c_{n}e^{n} \left (\int^{\infty}_{0}f_k e^{-x}\,dx\right ) = 0.</math>
 
This equation can be written in the form
 
:<math>P+Q=0</math>
 
where
 
:<math>P =c_{0}\left ( \int^{\infty}_{0}f_k e^{-x}\,dx\right )+ c_{1}e\left (\int^{\infty}_{1}f_k e^{-x}\,dx\right )+ c_{2}e^{2}\left (\int^{\infty}_{2}f_k e^{-x}\,dx\right ) +\cdots+ c_{n}e^{n}\left (\int^{\infty}_{n}f_k e^{-x}\,dx\right ) </math>
:<math>Q=c_{1}e\left (\int^{1}_{0} f_k e^{-x}\,dx\right )+c_{2}e^{2} \left (\int^{2}_{0} f_k e^{-x}\,dx\right )+\cdots+c_{n}e^{n}\left (\int^{n}_{0} f_k e^{-x}\,dx \right ) </math>
 
'''Lemma 1.''' For an appropriate choice of ''k'', <math>\tfrac{P}{k!}</math> is a non-zero integer.
 
<blockquote>'''Proof.''' Each term in ''P'' is an integer times a sum of factorials, which results from the relation
 
:<math>\int^{\infty}_{0}x^{j}e^{-x}\,dx=j!</math>
 
which is valid for any positive integer ''j'' (consider the [[Gamma function]]).
 
It is non-zero because for every ''a'' satisfying 0< ''a'' ≤ ''n'', the integrand in
:<math>c_{a}e^{a}\int^{\infty}_{a} f_k e^{-x}\,dx</math>
is ''e<sup>−x</sup>'' times a sum of terms whose lowest power of ''x'' is ''k''+1 after substituting ''x'' for ''x'' - ''a'' in the integral. Then this becomes a sum of integrals of the form
 
:<math>\int^{\infty}_{0}x^{j}e^{-x}\,dx</math>
 
with ''k''+1 ≤ ''j'', and it is therefore an integer divisible by (''k''+1)!. After dividing by ''k!'', we get zero [[Modular arithmetic|modulo]] (''k''+1). However, we can write:
 
:<math>\int^{\infty}_{0} f_k e^{-x}\,dx = \int^{\infty}_{0} \left ([(-1)^{n}(n!)]^{k+1}e^{-x}x^k + \cdots \right ) dx</math>
 
and thus
 
:<math>{\frac{1}{k!}}c_{0}\int^{\infty}_{0}  f_k e^{-x}\,dx = c_{0}[(-1)^{n}(n!)]^{k+1} \qquad \mod (k+1).</math>
 
By choosing ''k'' so that ''k''+1 is prime and larger than ''n'' and |''c''<sub>0</sub>|, we get that <math>\tfrac{P}{k!}</math> is non-zero modulo (''k''+1) and is thus non-zero.</blockquote>
 
'''Lemma 2.''' <math>\left|\tfrac{Q}{k!}\right|<1</math> for sufficiently large ''k''.
 
<blockquote> '''Proof.''' Note that
:<math>f_k e^{-x} = x^{k}[(x-1)(x-2)\cdots(x-n)]^{k+1}e^{-x} = \left ([x(x-1)\cdots(x-n)]^k \right ) \left ((x-1)\cdots(x-n)e^{-x}\right )</math>
 
Using upper bounds G and H for <math>|x(x-1)\cdots(x-n)|</math> and <math>|(x-1)\cdots(x-n)e^{-x}|</math> on the [[interval (mathematics)|interval]] [0,''n''] we can infer that
:<math>|Q|<G^{k}H(|c_{1}|e+2|c_{2}|e^{2}+\cdots+n|c_{n}|e^{n})</math>
and since
 
:<math>\lim_{k\to\infty}\frac{G^k}{k!}=0</math>
it follows that
:<math>\lim_{k\to\infty}\frac{Q}{k!}=0</math>
which is sufficient to finish the proof of this lemma.
</blockquote>
 
Noting that one can choose ''k'' so that both Lemmas hold we get the contradiction we needed to prove the transcendence of ''e''.
 
===The transcendence of π===
A similar strategy, different from Lindemann's original approach, can be used to show that the [[Pi|number π]] is transcendental. Besides the [[gamma-function]] and some estimates as in the proof for ''e'', facts about [[symmetric polynomial]]s play a vital role in the proof.
 
For detailed information concerning the proofs of the transcendence of π and ''e'' see the references and external links.
 
==Mahler's classification==
[[Kurt Mahler]] in 1932 partitioned the transcendental numbers into 3 classes, called '''S''', '''T''', and '''U'''.<ref name=Bug250>Bugeaud (2012) p.250</ref>  Definition of these classes draws on an extension of the idea of a [[Liouville number]] (cited above).
 
===Measure of irrationality of a real number===
One way to define a Liouville number is to consider how small a given real number '''x''' makes linear polynomials |''qx''&nbsp;−&nbsp;''p''| without making them exactly&nbsp;0.  Here ''p'', ''q'' are integers with |''p''|, |''q''| bounded by a positive integer&nbsp;''H''.
 
Let ''m''(''x'',&nbsp;1,&nbsp;''H'') be the minimum non-zero absolute value these polynomials take and take:
 
:<math>\omega(x, 1, H) = - \frac{\log m(x, 1, H)}{\log H}</math>
:<math>\omega(x, 1)= \limsup_{H\to\infty} \omega(x,1,H).</math>
 
ω(''x'',&nbsp;1) is often called the '''measure of irrationality''' of a real number&nbsp;''x''. For rational numbers, ω(''x'',&nbsp;1) = 0 and is at least 1 for irrational real numbers. A Liouville number is defined to have infinite measure of irrationality. [[Roth's theorem]] says that irrational real algebraic numbers have measure of irrationality 1.
 
===Measure of transcendence of a complex number===
Next consider the values of polynomials at a complex number ''x'', when these polynomials have integer coefficients, degree at most ''n'', and [[Height of a polynomial|height]] at most ''H'', with ''n'', ''H'' being positive integers.
 
Let ''m''(''x'',''n'',''H'') be the minimum non-zero absolute value such polynomials take at ''x'' and take:
:<math>\omega(x, n, H) = - \frac{\log m(x, n, H)}{n\log H}</math>
:<math>\omega(x, n)= \limsup_{H\to\infty} \omega(x,n,H).</math>
 
Suppose this is infinite for some minimum positive integer&nbsp;''n''.  A complex number ''x'' in this case is called a '''U&nbsp;number''' of degree&nbsp;''n''.
 
Now we can define
:<math>\omega (x) =\limsup_{n\to\infty}\omega(x,n).</math>
ω(''x'') is often called the '''measure of transcendence''' of&nbsp;''x''. If the ω(''x'',''n'') are bounded, then ω(''x'') is finite, and ''x'' is called an '''S number'''.  If the ω(''x'',''n'') are finite but unbounded, ''x'' is called a '''T number'''. ''x''&nbsp;is algebraic if and only if&nbsp;ω(''x'')&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.
 
Clearly the Liouville numbers are a subset of the U numbers.  [[William LeVeque]] in 1953 constructed U numbers of any desired degree.<ref name="Baker, p. 86">Baker (1975) p. 86.</ref><ref name=LV172>LeVeque (2002) p.II:172</ref> The [[Liouville numbers]] and hence the U numbers are uncountable sets. They are sets of measure 0.<ref>Burger and Tubbs, p. 170.</ref>
 
T numbers also comprise a set of measure 0.<ref>Burger and Tubbs, p. 172.</ref> It took about 35 years to show their existence. [[Wolfgang M. Schmidt]] in 1968 showed that examples exist.  It follows that [[almost all]] complex numbers are S numbers.<ref name=Bug251/> Mahler proved that the exponential function sends all non-zero algebraic numbers to S numbers:<ref>LeVeque (2002) pp.II:174–186</ref><ref>Burger and Tubbs, p. 182.</ref> this shows that ''e'' is an S number and gives a proof of the transcendence of π.  The most that is known about π is that it is not a U number.  Many other transcendental numbers remain unclassified.
 
Two numbers ''x'', ''y'' are called '''algebraically dependent''' if there is a non-zero polynomial ''P'' in 2 indeterminates with integer coefficients such that ''P''(''x'',&nbsp;''y'')&nbsp;=&nbsp;0. There is a powerful theorem that 2 complex numbers that are algebraically dependent belong to the same Mahler class.<ref name=LV172/><ref>Burger and Tubbs, p. 163.</ref>  This allows construction of new transcendental numbers, such as the sum of a Liouville number with ''e'' or&nbsp;π.
 
It is often speculated that S stood for the name of Mahler's teacher [[Carl Ludwig Siegel]] and that T and U are just the next two letters.
 
===Koksma's equivalent classification===
[[Jurjen Koksma]] in 1939 proposed another classification based on approximation by algebraic numbers.<ref name=Bug250/><ref name=Baker87>Baker (1975) p.87</ref>
 
Consider the approximation of a complex number ''x'' by algebraic numbers of degree ≤&nbsp;''n'' and height ≤&nbsp;''H''. Let α be an algebraic number of this finite set such that |''x''&nbsp;−&nbsp;α| has the minimum positive value. Define ω*(''x'',''H'',''n'') and ω*(''x'',''n'') by:
 
:<math>|x-\alpha| = H^{-n\omega^*(x,H,n)-1}.</math>
:<math>\omega^*(x,n) = \limsup_{H\to\infty} \omega^*(x,n,H).</math>
 
If for a smallest positive integer ''n'', ω*(''x'',''n'') is infinite, ''x'' is called a '''U*-number''' of degree&nbsp;''n''.
 
If the ω*(''x'',''n'') are bounded and do not converge to 0, ''x'' is called an '''S*-number''',
 
A number ''x'' is called an '''A*-number''' if the ω*(''x'',''n'') converge to&nbsp;0.
 
If the ω*(''x'',''n'') are all finite but unbounded, ''x'' is called a '''T*-number''',
 
Koksma's and Mahler's classifications are equivalent in that they divide the transcendental numbers into the same classes.<ref name=Baker87/> The ''A*''-numbers are the algebraic numbers.<ref name=Bug251>Bugeaud (2012) p.251</ref>
 
===LeVeque's construction===
 
Let
 
:<math>\lambda= \tfrac{1}{3} + \sum_{k=1}^\infty 10^{-k!}</math>
 
It can be shown that the nth root of λ (a Liouville number) is a U-number of degree n.<ref>Baker(1979), p. 90.</ref>
 
This construction can be improved to create an uncountable family of U-numbers of degree ''n''. Let ''Z'' be the set consisting of every other power of 10 in the series above for λ. The set of all subsets of ''Z'' is uncountable. Deleting any of the subsets of ''Z'' from the series for λ creates uncountably many distinct Liouville numbers, whose nth roots are U-numbers of degree ''n''.
 
===Type===
The [[supremum]] of the sequence {ω(''x'',&nbsp;''n'')} is called the '''type'''. Almost all real numbers are S numbers of type 1, which is minimal for real S numbers. Almost all complex numbers are S numbers of type 1/2, which is also minimal. The claims of almost all numbers were conjectured by Mahler and in 1965 proved by Vladimir Sprindzhuk.<ref name="Baker, p. 86"/>
 
==See also==
* [[Transcendence theory]], the study of questions related to transcendental numbers
 
==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}
 
==References==
{{inline citations|date=June 2013}}
* [[David Hilbert]], "Über die Transcendenz der Zahlen ''e'' und <math>\pi</math>", ''Mathematische Annalen'' '''43''':216–219 (1893).
* A. O. Gelfond, ''Transcendental and Algebraic Numbers'', Dover reprint (1960).
* {{cite book | first=Alan | last=Baker | authorlink=Alan Baker (mathematician) | title=Transcendental Number Theory | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | year=1975 | isbn=0-521-20461-5 | zbl=0297.10013 }}
* {{cite book | last=Mahler | first=Kurt | authorlink=Kurt Mahler | title=Lectures on Transcendental Numbers | series=Lecture Notes in Mathematics | volume=546 | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | year=1976 | isbn=3-540-07986-6 | zbl=0332.10019 }}
* {{cite book | zbl=0482.10047 | last=Sprindzhuk | first=Vladimir G.  | title=Metric theory of Diophantine approximations | others=Transl. from the Russian and ed. by Richard A. Silverman. With a foreword by Donald J. Newman | series=Scripta Series in Mathematics | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | year=1979 | isbn= }}
* {{cite book | last = LeVeque | first = William J. | authorlink = William J. LeVeque | title = Topics in Number Theory, Volumes I and II | publisher = Dover Publications | location = New York | year = 2002 |origyear = 1956 | isbn = 978-0-486-42539-9 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Allouche | first1 = Jean-Paul | last2 = Shallit | first2 = Jeffrey | author2-link = Jeffrey Shallit | isbn = 978-0-521-82332-6 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | title = Automatic Sequences: Theory, Applications, Generalizations | year = 2003 | zbl=1086.11015 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Burger | first1=Edward B. | last2=Tubbs | first2=Robert | title=Making transcendence transparent. An intuitive approach to classical transcendental number theory | location=New York, NY | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | year=2004 | isbn=0-387-21444-5 | zbl=1092.11031 }}
* [[Peter M Higgins]],  "Number Story" Copernicus Books, 2008, ISBN 978-1-84800-001-8.
* {{cite book | last=Bugeaud | first=Yann | title=Distribution modulo one and Diophantine approximation | series=Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics | volume=193 | location=Cambridge | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-521-11169-0 | zbl=pre06066616 }}
 
==External links==
* {{en icon}} [http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/EIsTranscendental.html Proof that ''e'' is transcendental]
* {{en icon}} [http://deanlm.com/transcendental/ Proof that the Liouville Constant is transcendental]
* {{de icon}} [http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~fritsch/euler.pdf Proof that ''e'' is transcendental (PDF)]
* {{de icon}} [http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~fritsch/pi.pdf Proof that <math>\pi</math> is transcendental (PDF)]
 
{{Number Systems}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Transcendental Number}}
[[Category:Transcendental numbers|*]]
[[Category:Articles containing proofs]]

Revision as of 16:41, 24 January 2014

In mathematics, a transcendental number is a (possibly complex) number that is not algebraic—that is, it is not a root of a non-zero polynomial equation with rational coefficients. The most prominent examples of transcendental numbers are π and e. Though only a few classes of transcendental numbers are known (in part because it can be extremely difficult to show that a given number is transcendental), transcendental numbers are not rare. Indeed, almost all real and complex numbers are transcendental, since the algebraic numbers are countable while the sets of real and complex numbers are both uncountable. All real transcendental numbers are irrational, since all rational numbers are algebraic. The converse is not true: not all irrational numbers are transcendental; e.g., the square root of 2 is irrational but not a transcendental number, since it is a solution of the polynomial equation x2 − 2 = 0.

History

The name "transcendental" comes from Leibniz in his 1682 paper where he proved Sin x is not an algebraic function of x.[1][2] Euler was probably the first person to define transcendental numbers in the modern sense.[3]

Joseph Liouville first proved the existence of transcendental numbers in 1844,[4] and in 1851 gave the first decimal examples such as the Liouville constant

in which the nth digit after the decimal point is 1 if n is equal to k! (k factorial) for some k and 0 otherwise.[5] Liouville showed that this number is what we now call a Liouville number; this essentially means that it can be more closely approximated by rational numbers than can any irrational algebraic number. Liouville showed that all Liouville numbers are transcendental.[6]

Johann Heinrich Lambert conjectured that e and π were both transcendental numbers in his 1761 paper proving the number π is irrational. The first number to be proven transcendental without having been specifically constructed for the purpose was e, by Charles Hermite in 1873.

In 1874, Georg Cantor proved that the algebraic numbers are countable and the real numbers are uncountable. He also gave a new method for constructing transcendental numbers.[7] In 1878, Cantor published a construction that proves there are as many transcendental numbers as there are real numbers.[8] Cantor's work established the ubiquity of transcendental numbers.

In 1882, Ferdinand von Lindemann published a proof that the number π is transcendental. He first showed that e to any nonzero algebraic power is transcendental, and since eiπ = −1 is algebraic (see Euler's identity), iπ and therefore π must be transcendental. This approach was generalized by Karl Weierstrass to the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem. The transcendence of π allowed the proof of the impossibility of several ancient geometric constructions involving compass and straightedge, including the most famous one, squaring the circle.

In 1900, David Hilbert posed an influential question about transcendental numbers, Hilbert's seventh problem: If a is an algebraic number, that is not zero or one, and b is an irrational algebraic number, is ab necessarily transcendental? The affirmative answer was provided in 1934 by the Gelfond–Schneider theorem. This work was extended by Alan Baker in the 1960s in his work on lower bounds for linear forms in any number of logarithms (of algebraic numbers).[9]

Properties

The set of transcendental numbers is uncountably infinite. Since the polynomials with integer coefficients are countable, and since each such polynomial has a finite number of zeroes, the algebraic numbers must also be countable. But Cantor's diagonal argument proves that the real numbers (and therefore also the complex numbers) are uncountable; so the set of all transcendental numbers must also be uncountable.

No rational number is transcendental and all real transcendental numbers are irrational. A rational number can be written as p/q, where p and q are integers. Thus, p/q is the root of qx − p = 0. However, some irrational numbers are not transcendental. For example, the square root of 2 is irrational and not transcendental (because it is a solution of the polynomial equation x2 − 2 = 0). The same is true for the square root of other non-perfect squares.

Any non-constant algebraic function of a single variable yields a transcendental value when applied to a transcendental argument. For example, from knowing that π is transcendental, we can immediately deduce that numbers such as 5π, (π − 3)/√Template:Overline, (√Template:Overline − √Template:Overline)8 and (π5 + 7)1/7 are transcendental as well.

However, an algebraic function of several variables may yield an algebraic number when applied to transcendental numbers if these numbers are not algebraically independent. For example, π and (1 − π) are both transcendental, but π + (1 − π) = 1 is obviously not. It is unknown whether π + e, for example, is transcendental, though at least one of π + e and πe must be transcendental. More generally, for any two transcendental numbers a and b, at least one of a + b and ab must be transcendental. To see this, consider the polynomial (xa)(xb) = x2 − (a + b)x + ab. If (a + b) and ab were both algebraic, then this would be a polynomial with algebraic coefficients. Because algebraic numbers form an algebraically closed field, this would imply that the roots of the polynomial, a and b, must be algebraic. But this is a contradiction, and thus it must be the case that at least one of the coefficients is transcendental.

The non-computable numbers are a strict subset of the transcendental numbers.

All Liouville numbers are transcendental, but not vice versa. Any Liouville number must have unbounded partial quotients in its continued fraction expansion. Using a counting argument one can show that there exist transcendental numbers which have bounded partial quotients and hence are not Liouville numbers.

Using the explicit continued fraction expansion of e, one can show that e is not a Liouville number (although the partial quotients in its continued fraction expansion are unbounded). Kurt Mahler showed in 1953 that π is also not a Liouville number. It is conjectured that all infinite continued fractions with bounded terms that are not eventually periodic are transcendental (eventually periodic continued fractions correspond to quadratic irrationals).[10]

A related class of numbers are closed-form numbers, which may be defined in various ways, including rational numbers (and in some definitions all algebraic numbers), but also allow exponentiation and logarithm.

Numbers proven to be transcendental

Numbers proven to be transcendental:

the Gelfond–Schneider constant (or Hilbert number).
  • sin(a), cos(a) and tan(a), and their multiplicative inverses csc(a), sec(a) and cot(a), for any nonzero algebraic number a (by the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem).
  • ln(a) if a is algebraic and not equal to 0 or 1, for any branch of the logarithm function (by the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem).
  • W(a) if a is algebraic and nonzero, for any branch of the Lambert W Function (by the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem).
  • Γ(1/3),[11] Γ(1/4),[12] and Γ(1/6).[12]
  • 0.12345678910111213141516..., the Champernowne constant.[13][14]
  • Ω, Chaitin's constant (since it is a non-computable number).[15]
  • The Fredholm number[16][17]
more generally, any number of the form
with 0 < |β| < 1 and β algebraic.[18]
  • The aforementioned Liouville constant
more generally any number of the form
with 0 < |β| < 1 and β algebraic
where is the floor function.

Numbers which may or may not be transcendental

Numbers for which it is currently unknown whether they are transcendental: they have neither been proven to be algebraic, nor proven to be transcendental:

Conjectures:

Sketch of a proof that e is transcendental

The first proof that the base of the natural logarithms, e, is transcendental dates from 1873. We will now follow the strategy of David Hilbert (1862–1943) who gave a simplification of the original proof of Charles Hermite. The idea is the following:

Assume, for purpose of finding a contradiction, that e is algebraic. Then there exists a finite set of integer coefficients c0, c1, ..., cn satisfying the equation:

Now for a positive integer k, we define the following polynomial:

and multiply both sides of the above equation by

to arrive at the equation:

This equation can be written in the form

where

Lemma 1. For an appropriate choice of k, is a non-zero integer.

Proof. Each term in P is an integer times a sum of factorials, which results from the relation

which is valid for any positive integer j (consider the Gamma function).

It is non-zero because for every a satisfying 0< an, the integrand in

is e−x times a sum of terms whose lowest power of x is k+1 after substituting x for x - a in the integral. Then this becomes a sum of integrals of the form

with k+1 ≤ j, and it is therefore an integer divisible by (k+1)!. After dividing by k!, we get zero modulo (k+1). However, we can write:

and thus

By choosing k so that k+1 is prime and larger than n and |c0|, we get that is non-zero modulo (k+1) and is thus non-zero.

Lemma 2. for sufficiently large k.

Proof. Note that

Using upper bounds G and H for and on the interval [0,n] we can infer that

and since

it follows that

which is sufficient to finish the proof of this lemma.

Noting that one can choose k so that both Lemmas hold we get the contradiction we needed to prove the transcendence of e.

The transcendence of π

A similar strategy, different from Lindemann's original approach, can be used to show that the number π is transcendental. Besides the gamma-function and some estimates as in the proof for e, facts about symmetric polynomials play a vital role in the proof.

For detailed information concerning the proofs of the transcendence of π and e see the references and external links.

Mahler's classification

Kurt Mahler in 1932 partitioned the transcendental numbers into 3 classes, called S, T, and U.[24] Definition of these classes draws on an extension of the idea of a Liouville number (cited above).

Measure of irrationality of a real number

One way to define a Liouville number is to consider how small a given real number x makes linear polynomials |qx − p| without making them exactly 0. Here p, q are integers with |p|, |q| bounded by a positive integer H.

Let m(x, 1, H) be the minimum non-zero absolute value these polynomials take and take:

ω(x, 1) is often called the measure of irrationality of a real number x. For rational numbers, ω(x, 1) = 0 and is at least 1 for irrational real numbers. A Liouville number is defined to have infinite measure of irrationality. Roth's theorem says that irrational real algebraic numbers have measure of irrationality 1.

Measure of transcendence of a complex number

Next consider the values of polynomials at a complex number x, when these polynomials have integer coefficients, degree at most n, and height at most H, with n, H being positive integers.

Let m(x,n,H) be the minimum non-zero absolute value such polynomials take at x and take:

Suppose this is infinite for some minimum positive integer n. A complex number x in this case is called a U number of degree n.

Now we can define

ω(x) is often called the measure of transcendence of x. If the ω(x,n) are bounded, then ω(x) is finite, and x is called an S number. If the ω(x,n) are finite but unbounded, x is called a T number. x is algebraic if and only if ω(x) = 0.

Clearly the Liouville numbers are a subset of the U numbers. William LeVeque in 1953 constructed U numbers of any desired degree.[25][26] The Liouville numbers and hence the U numbers are uncountable sets. They are sets of measure 0.[27]

T numbers also comprise a set of measure 0.[28] It took about 35 years to show their existence. Wolfgang M. Schmidt in 1968 showed that examples exist. It follows that almost all complex numbers are S numbers.[29] Mahler proved that the exponential function sends all non-zero algebraic numbers to S numbers:[30][31] this shows that e is an S number and gives a proof of the transcendence of π. The most that is known about π is that it is not a U number. Many other transcendental numbers remain unclassified.

Two numbers x, y are called algebraically dependent if there is a non-zero polynomial P in 2 indeterminates with integer coefficients such that P(xy) = 0. There is a powerful theorem that 2 complex numbers that are algebraically dependent belong to the same Mahler class.[26][32] This allows construction of new transcendental numbers, such as the sum of a Liouville number with e or π.

It is often speculated that S stood for the name of Mahler's teacher Carl Ludwig Siegel and that T and U are just the next two letters.

Koksma's equivalent classification

Jurjen Koksma in 1939 proposed another classification based on approximation by algebraic numbers.[24][33]

Consider the approximation of a complex number x by algebraic numbers of degree ≤ n and height ≤ H. Let α be an algebraic number of this finite set such that |x − α| has the minimum positive value. Define ω*(x,H,n) and ω*(x,n) by:

If for a smallest positive integer n, ω*(x,n) is infinite, x is called a U*-number of degree n.

If the ω*(x,n) are bounded and do not converge to 0, x is called an S*-number,

A number x is called an A*-number if the ω*(x,n) converge to 0.

If the ω*(x,n) are all finite but unbounded, x is called a T*-number,

Koksma's and Mahler's classifications are equivalent in that they divide the transcendental numbers into the same classes.[33] The A*-numbers are the algebraic numbers.[29]

LeVeque's construction

Let

It can be shown that the nth root of λ (a Liouville number) is a U-number of degree n.[34]

This construction can be improved to create an uncountable family of U-numbers of degree n. Let Z be the set consisting of every other power of 10 in the series above for λ. The set of all subsets of Z is uncountable. Deleting any of the subsets of Z from the series for λ creates uncountably many distinct Liouville numbers, whose nth roots are U-numbers of degree n.

Type

The supremum of the sequence {ω(xn)} is called the type. Almost all real numbers are S numbers of type 1, which is minimal for real S numbers. Almost all complex numbers are S numbers of type 1/2, which is also minimal. The claims of almost all numbers were conjectured by Mahler and in 1965 proved by Vladimir Sprindzhuk.[25]

See also

Notes

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References

Template:Inline citations

  • David Hilbert, "Über die Transcendenz der Zahlen e und ", Mathematische Annalen 43:216–219 (1893).
  • A. O. Gelfond, Transcendental and Algebraic Numbers, Dover reprint (1960).
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • Peter M Higgins, "Number Story" Copernicus Books, 2008, ISBN 978-1-84800-001-8.
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

External links

Template:Number Systems

  1. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534[1]
  2. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
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    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  5. Weisstein, Eric W. "Liouville's Constant", MathWorld
  6. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  7. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  8. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang (Cantor's construction builds a one-to-one correspondence between the set of transcendental numbers and the set of real numbers. In this article, Cantor only applies his construction to the set of irrational numbers. See p. 254.)
  9. J J O'Connor and E F Robertson: Alan Baker. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 1998.
  10. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  11. Le Lionnais, F. Les nombres remarquables (ISBN 2-7056-1407-9). Paris: Hermann, p. 46, 1979. via Wolfram Mathworld, Transcendental Number
  12. 12.0 12.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 via Wolfram Mathworld, Transcendental Number
  13. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  14. Mahler (1976) p.12
  15. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  16. Allouche & Shallit (2003) pp.385,403
  17. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  18. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  19. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  20. Allouche & Shallit (2003) p.387
  21. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534


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  23. Modular functions and transcendence questions, Yu. V. Nesterenko, Sbornik: Mathematics(1996), 187(9):1319
  24. 24.0 24.1 Bugeaud (2012) p.250
  25. 25.0 25.1 Baker (1975) p. 86.
  26. 26.0 26.1 LeVeque (2002) p.II:172
  27. Burger and Tubbs, p. 170.
  28. Burger and Tubbs, p. 172.
  29. 29.0 29.1 Bugeaud (2012) p.251
  30. LeVeque (2002) pp.II:174–186
  31. Burger and Tubbs, p. 182.
  32. Burger and Tubbs, p. 163.
  33. 33.0 33.1 Baker (1975) p.87
  34. Baker(1979), p. 90.