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{{Distinguish|polylogarithmic function}}


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In mathematics, the '''polylogarithm''' (also known as [[#{{harvid|Jonquière|1889}}|'''Jonquière's function''']]) is a [[special function]] Li<sub>''s''</sub>(''z'') of order ''s'' and argument ''z''. Only for special values of ''s'' does the polylogarithm reduce to an [[elementary function]] such as the [[natural logarithm]] or [[rational function]]s. In [[quantum statistics]], the polylogarithm function appears as the closed form of integrals of the [[Fermi–Dirac distribution]] and the [[Bose–Einstein distribution]], and is also known as the '''Fermi–Dirac integral''' or the '''Bose–Einstein integral'''. In [[quantum electrodynamics]], polylogarithms of positive integer order arise in the calculation of processes represented by higher-order [[Feynman diagram]]s.
 
The polylogarithm function is equivalent to the [[Hurwitz zeta function]] — either function can be expressed in terms of the other — and both functions are special cases of the [[Lerch transcendent]]. Polylogarithms should not be confused with [[polylogarithmic function]]s nor with the [[offset logarithmic integral]] which has a similar notation.
 
{| style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Different polylogarithm functions in the complex plane'''
|[[File:Complex polylogminus3.jpg|1000x140px|none]]
|[[File:Complex polylogminus2.jpg|1000x140px|none]]
|[[File:Complex polylogminus1.jpg|1000x140px|none]]
|[[File:Complex polylog0.jpg|1000x140px|none]]
|[[File:Complex polylog1.jpg|1000x140px|none]]
|[[File:Complex polylog2.jpg|1000x140px|none]]
|[[File:Complex polylog3.jpg|1000x140px|none]]
|-
|Li<sub>−3</sub>(''z'')
|Li<sub>−2</sub>(''z'')
|Li<sub>−1</sub>(''z'')
|Li<sub>0</sub>(''z'')
|Li<sub>1</sub>(''z'')
|Li<sub>2</sub>(''z'')
|Li<sub>3</sub>(''z'')
|}
 
The polylogarithm function is defined by the infinite sum, or [[power series]]:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(z) = \sum_{k=1}^\infty {z^k \over k^s} = z + {z^2 \over 2^s} + {z^3 \over 3^s} + \cdots \,.
</math>
 
This definition is valid for arbitrary [[complex numbers|complex]] order ''s'' and for all complex arguments ''z'' with |''z''| < 1; it can be extended to |''z''| ≥ 1 by the process of [[analytic continuation]]. The special case ''s'' = 1 involves the ordinary [[natural logarithm]], Li<sub>1</sub>(''z'') = −ln(1−''z''), while the special cases ''s'' = 2 and ''s'' = 3 are called the [[dilogarithm]] (also referred to as [[Spence's function]]) and [[trilogarithm]] respectively. The name of the function comes from the fact that it may also be defined as the repeated [[indefinite integral|integral]] of itself:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{s+1}(z) = \int_0^z \frac {\operatorname{Li}_s(t)}{t}\,\mathrm{d}t \,;
</math>
 
thus the dilogarithm is an integral of the logarithm, and so on. For nonpositive [[integer]] orders ''s'', the polylogarithm is a [[rational function]].
 
==Properties==
 
'''Preliminary note''': In the important case where the polylogarithm order ''s'' is an integer, it will be represented by ''n'' (or −''n'' when negative). It is often convenient to define ''μ'' = ln(''z'') where ln(''z'') is the [[principal branch]] of the [[complex logarithm]] Ln(''z'') so that −''π'' < Im(''μ'') ≤ ''π''. Also, all exponentiation will be assumed to be single-valued: ''z''<sup>''s''</sup> = exp(''s'' ln(''z'')).
 
Depending on the order ''s'', the polylogarithm may be multi-valued. The '''principal branch''' of Li<sub>''s''</sub>(''z'') is taken to be given for |''z''| < 1 by the above series definition and taken to be continuous except on the positive real axis, where a cut is made from ''z'' = 1 to ∞ such that the axis is placed on the lower half plane of ''z''. In terms of ''μ'', this amounts to −''π'' < arg(−''μ'') ≤ ''π''. The discontinuity of the polylogarithm in dependence on ''μ'' can sometimes be confusing.
 
For real argument ''z'', the polylogarithm of real order ''s'' is real if ''z'' < 1, and its '''imaginary part''' for ''z'' ≥ 1 is {{harv|Wood|1992|loc=§ 3}}:
 
:<math>\textrm{Im}\left( \operatorname{Li}_s(z) \right) = -{{\pi \mu^{s-1}}\over{\Gamma(s)}} \,.</math>
 
Going across the cut, if ''ε'' is an infinitesimally small positive real number, then:
 
:<math>\textrm{Im}\left( \operatorname{Li}_s(z+i\epsilon) \right) = {{\pi \mu^{s-1}}\over{\Gamma(s)}} \,.</math>
 
Both can be concluded from the series expansion ([[#Series representations|see below]]) of Li<sub>''s''</sub>(''e''<sup>''µ''</sup>) about ''µ'' = 0.
 
The '''derivatives''' of the polylogarithm follow from the defining power series:
 
:<math>z \,{\partial \operatorname{Li}_s(z) \over \partial z} = \operatorname{Li}_{s-1}(z)</math>
:<math>{\partial \operatorname{Li}_s(e^\mu) \over \partial \mu} = \operatorname{Li}_{s-1}(e^\mu) \,.</math>
 
The '''square relationship''' is easily seen from the [[duplication formula]] (see also {{harvtxt|Clunie|1954}}, {{harvtxt|Schrödinger|1952}}):
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(-z) + \operatorname{Li}_s(z) = 2^{1-s} \,\operatorname{Li}_s(z^2) \,.
</math>
 
Note that [[Kummer's function]] obeys a very similar duplication formula. This is a special case of the [[multiplication formula]], for any positive integer ''p'':
 
:<math>
\sum_{m=0}^{p-1}\operatorname{Li}_s(z \,e^{2\pi i m/p}) = p^{1-s} \,\operatorname{Li}_s(z^p) \,,
</math>
 
which can be proved using the series definition of the polylogarithm and the orthogonality of the exponential terms (see e.g. [[discrete Fourier transform]]).
 
Another important property, the '''inversion formula''', involves the [[Hurwitz zeta function]] or the [[Bernoulli polynomials]] and is found under [[#Relationship to other functions|relationship to other functions]] below.
 
==Particular values==
[[File:Polylogarithm plot negative.svg|right]]
 
For particular cases, the polylogarithm may be expressed in terms of other functions ([[#Relationship to other functions|see below]]). Particular values for the polylogarithm may thus also be found as particular values of these other functions.
 
'''1.''' For integer values of the polylogarithm order, the following explicit expressions are obtained by repeated application of ''z''·∂/∂''z'' to Li<sub>1</sub>(''z''):
 
:<math>\operatorname{Li}_{1}(z)  = -\ln(1-z)</math>
 
:<math>\operatorname{Li}_{0}(z)  = {z \over 1-z}</math>
 
:<math>\operatorname{Li}_{-1}(z) = {z \over (1-z)^2}</math>
 
:<math>\operatorname{Li}_{-2}(z) = {z \,(1+z) \over (1-z)^3}</math>
 
:<math>\operatorname{Li}_{-3}(z) = {z \,(1+4z+z^2) \over (1-z)^4}</math>
 
:<math>\operatorname{Li}_{-4}(z) = {z \,(1+z) (1+10z+z^2) \over (1-z)^5} \,.</math>
 
Accordingly the polylogarithm reduces to a ratio of polynomials in ''z'', and is therefore a [[rational function]] of ''z'', for all nonpositive integer orders. The general case may be expressed as a finite sum:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{-n}(z) = \left( z \,{\partial \over \partial z} \right)^n {z \over {1-z}} =
</math>
 
:<math>
= \sum_{k=0}^n k! \,S(n\!+\!1, \,k\!+\!1) \left({z \over {1-z}} \right)^{k+1} \qquad (n=0,1,2,\ldots) \,,
</math>
 
where ''S''(''n'',''k'') are the [[Stirling numbers of the second kind]]. Equivalent formulae applicable to negative integer orders are {{harv|Wood|1992|loc=§ 6}}:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{-n}(z) = (-1)^{n+1} \sum_{k=0}^n k! \,S(n\!+\!1, \,k\!+\!1) \left({{-1} \over {1-z}} \right)^{k+1} \qquad (n=1,2,3,\ldots) \,,
</math>
 
and:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{-n}(z) = {1 \over (1-z)^{n+1}} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \left\langle {n \atop k} \right\rangle z^{n-k} \qquad (n=1,2,3,\ldots) \,,
</math>
 
where <math>\scriptstyle \left\langle {n \atop k} \right\rangle</math> are the [[Eulerian numbers]]. All roots of Li<sub>−''n''</sub>(''z'') are distinct and real; they include ''z'' = 0, while the remainder is negative and centered about ''z'' = −1 on a logarithmic scale. As ''n'' becomes large, the numerical evaluation of these rational expressions increasingly suffers from cancellation {{harv|Wood|1992|loc=§ 6}}; full accuracy can be obtained, however, by computing Li<sub>−''n''</sub>(''z'') via the general relation with the Hurwitz zeta function ([[#Relationship to other functions|see below]]).
 
'''2.''' Some particular expressions for half-integer values of the argument ''z'' are:
 
:<math>\operatorname{Li}_1(\tfrac12) = \ln 2</math>
:<math>\operatorname{Li}_2(\tfrac12) = \tfrac1{12} \pi^2 - \tfrac12 (\ln 2)^2</math>
:<math>\operatorname{Li}_3(\tfrac12) = \tfrac16 (\ln 2)^3 - \tfrac1{12} \pi^2 \ln 2 + \tfrac78 \,\zeta(3) \,,</math>
 
where ''ζ'' is the [[Riemann zeta function]]. No formulae of this type are known for higher integer orders {{harv|Lewin|1991|p=2}}, but one has for instance {{harv|Borwein|Borwein|Girgensohn|1995}}:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_4(\tfrac12) = \tfrac1{360}\pi^4 - \tfrac1{24}(\ln 2)^4 + \tfrac1{24} \pi^2 (\ln 2)^2 - \tfrac12 \,\zeta(\bar3, \bar1) \,,
</math>
 
which involves the alternating double sum <math>\scriptstyle \zeta(\bar3, \bar1) ~= \,\sum_{m>n>0} \,(-1)^{m+n} m^{-3} n^{-1}</math>. In general one has for integer orders ''n'' ≥ 2  {{harv|Broadhurst|1996|p=9}}:
 
:<math>\operatorname{Li}_n(\tfrac12) = -\zeta(\bar1, \bar1, \left\{ 1 \right\}^{n-2}) \,,</math>
 
where ''ζ''(''s''<sub>1</sub>, ..., ''s''<sub>''k''</sub>) is the [[multiple zeta function]]; for example:
 
:<math>\operatorname{Li}_5(\tfrac12) = -\zeta(\bar1, \bar1, 1,1,1) \,.</math>
 
'''3.''' As a straightforward consequence of the series definition, values of the polylogarithm at the ''p''th complex [[roots of unity]] are given by the [[discrete Fourier transform|Fourier sum]]:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(e^{2 \pi i m/p}) = p^{-s} \sum_{k=1}^p
e^{2 \pi i m k/p} \,\zeta(s, \tfrac {k}{p})
\qquad (m = 1, 2, \dots, p-1) \,,
</math>
 
where ''ζ'' is the [[Hurwitz zeta function]]. For Re(''s'') > 1, where Li<sub>''s''</sub>(1) is finite, the relation also holds with ''m'' = 0 or ''m'' = ''p''. While this formula is not as simple as that implied by the more general relation with the Hurwitz zeta function listed under [[#Relationship to other functions|relationship to other functions]] below, it has the advantage of applying to non-negative integer values of ''s'' as well. As usual, the relation may be inverted to express ζ(''s'', <sup>''m''</sup>⁄<sub>''p''</sub>) for any ''m'' = 1, ..., ''p'' as a Fourier sum of Li<sub>''s''</sub>(exp(2''πi'' <sup>''k''</sup>⁄<sub>''p''</sub>)) over ''k'' = 1, ..., ''p''.
 
==Relationship to other functions==
 
* For ''z'' = 1 the polylogarithm reduces to the [[Riemann zeta function]]
 
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(1) = \zeta(s) \qquad (\textrm{Re}(s)>1) \,.
</math>
 
* The polylogarithm is related to [[Dirichlet eta function]] and the [[Dirichlet beta function]]:
 
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(-1) = -\eta(s) \,,
</math>
 
:where ''η''(''s'') is the Dirichlet eta function. For pure imaginary arguments, we have:
 
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(\pm i) = -2^{-s} \,\eta(s) \pm i \,\beta(s) \,,
</math>
 
:where ''β''(''s'') is the Dirichlet beta function.
 
* The polylogarithm is related to the [[complete Fermi–Dirac integral]] as:
 
::<math>
F_s(\mu) = -\operatorname{Li}_{s+1}(-e^\mu) \,.
</math>
 
* The polylogarithm is a special case of the [[incomplete polylogarithm]] function
 
::<math>\operatorname{Li}_s(z) = \operatorname{Li}_s(0,z) \,.</math>
 
* The polylogarithm is a special case of the [[Lerch transcendent]] {{harv|Erdélyi et al.|1981|loc=§ 1.11-14}}
 
::<math>\operatorname{Li}_s(z) = z \,\Phi(z,s,1) \,.</math>
 
* The polylogarithm is related to the [[Hurwitz zeta function]] by:
 
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(z) = {\Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \over (2\pi)^{1-s}} \left[i^{1-s} ~\zeta \!\left(1 \!-\! s, ~\frac{1}{2} + {\ln(-z) \over {2\pi i}} \right) + i^{s-1} ~\zeta \!\left(1 \!-\! s, ~\frac{1}{2} - {\ln(-z) \over {2\pi i}} \right) \right] ,
</math>
 
:which relation, however, is invalidated at positive integer ''s'' by [[pole (complex analysis)|poles]] of the [[gamma function]] Γ(1−''s''), and at ''s'' = 0 by a pole of both zeta functions; a derivation of this formula is given under [[#Series representations|series representations]] below. With a little help from a functional equation for the Hurwitz zeta function, the polylogarithm is consequently also related to that function via {{harv|Jonquière|1889}}:
 
::<math>
i^{-s} \,\operatorname{Li}_s(e^{2\pi i x}) + i^s \,\operatorname{Li}_s(e^{-2\pi i x}) = {(2\pi)^s \over \Gamma(s)} \,\zeta(1 \!-\! s, \,x) \,,
</math>
 
:which relation holds for 0 ≤ Re(''x'') < 1 if Im(''x'') ≥ 0, and for 0 < Re(''x'') ≤ 1 if Im(''x'') < 0. Equivalently, for all complex ''s'' and for complex ''z'' ∉ ]0;1], the '''inversion formula''' reads
 
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(z) + (-1)^s \,\operatorname{Li}_s(1/z) = {(2\pi i)^s \over \Gamma(s)} ~\zeta \!\left(1 \!-\! s, ~\frac{1}{2} + {\ln(-z) \over {2\pi i}} \right) ,
</math>
 
:and for all complex ''s'' and for complex ''z'' ∉ ]1;∞[
 
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(z) + (-1)^s \,\operatorname{Li}_s(1/z) = {(2\pi i)^s \over \Gamma(s)} ~\zeta \!\left(1 \!-\! s, ~\frac{1}{2} - {\ln(-1/z) \over {2\pi i}} \right) .
</math>
 
:For ''z'' ∉ ]0;∞[ one has ln(−''z'') = −ln(−<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>''z''</sub>), and both expressions agree. These relations furnish the analytic continuation of the polylogarithm beyond the circle of convergence |''z''| = 1 of the defining power series. (Note that the corresponding equation of {{harvtxt|Jonquière|1889|loc=eq. 5}} and {{harvtxt|Erdélyi et al.|1981|loc=§ 1.11-16}} is not correct if one assumes that the principal branches of the polylogarithm and the logarithm are used simultaneously.) See the next item for a simplified formula when ''s'' is an integer.
 
* For positive integer polylogarithm orders ''s'', the Hurwitz zeta function ζ(1−''s'', ''x'') reduces to [[Bernoulli polynomials]], ζ(1−''n'', ''x'') = −B<sub>''n''</sub>(''x'') / ''n'', and Jonquière's inversion formula for ''n'' = 1, 2, 3, ... becomes:
 
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{n}(e^{2\pi i x}) + (-1)^n \,\operatorname{Li}_{n}(e^{-2\pi i x}) = -{(2\pi i)^n \over n!} \,B_n(x) \,,
</math>
 
:where again 0 ≤ Re(''x'') < 1 if Im(''x'') ≥ 0, and 0 < Re(''x'') ≤ 1 if Im(''x'') < 0. Upon restriction of the polylogarithm argument to the unit circle, Im(''x'') = 0, the left hand side of this formula simplifies to 2 Re(Li<sub>''n''</sub>(''e''<sup>2''πix''</sup>)) if ''n'' is even, and to 2''i'' Im(Li<sub>''n''</sub>(''e''<sup>2''πix''</sup>)) if ''n'' is odd. For negative integer orders, on the other hand, the divergence of Γ(''s'') implies for all ''z'' that {{harv|Erdélyi et al.|1981|loc=§ 1.11-17}}:
 
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{-n}(z) + (-1)^n \,\operatorname{Li}_{-n}(1/z) = 0 \qquad (n = 1,2,3,\ldots) \,.
</math>
 
:More generally one has for ''n'' = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ... :
 
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{n}(z) + (-1)^n \,\operatorname{Li}_{n}(1/z) = -\frac{(2\pi i)^n}{n!} ~B_n \!\left( \frac{1}{2} + {\ln(-z) \over {2\pi i}} \right) \qquad (z ~\not\in ~]0;1]) \,,
</math>
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{n}(z) + (-1)^n \,\operatorname{Li}_{n}(1/z) = -\frac{(2\pi i)^n}{n!} ~B_n \!\left( \frac{1}{2} - {\ln(-1/z) \over {2\pi i}} \right) \qquad (z ~\not\in ~]1;\infty[) \,,
</math>
 
:where both expressions agree for ''z'' ∉ ]0;∞[. (Note that the corresponding equation of {{harvtxt|Jonquière|1889|loc=eq. 1}} and {{harvtxt|Erdélyi et al.|1981|loc=§ 1.11-18}} is again not correct.)
 
* The polylogarithm with pure imaginary ''μ'' may be expressed in terms of the [[Clausen function]]s ''Ci''<sub>''s''</sub>(θ) and ''Si''<sub>''s''</sub>(θ), and vice versa ({{harvnb|Lewin|1958|loc=Ch. VII § 1.4}}; {{harvnb|Abramowitz|Stegun|1972|loc=§ 27.8}}):
 
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(e^{\pm i \theta}) = Ci_s(\theta) \pm i \,Si_s(\theta) \,.
</math>
 
* The [[inverse tangent integral]] ''Ti''<sub>''s''</sub>(''z'') {{harv|Lewin|1958|loc=Ch. VII § 1.2}} can be expressed in terms of polylogarithms:
 
::<math>
Ti_s(z) = {1 \over 2i} \left[ \operatorname{Li}_s(i z) - \operatorname{Li}_s(-i z) \right] .
</math>
 
:The relation in particular implies:
 
::<math>
Ti_0(z) = {z \over 1+z^2}, \quad Ti_1(z) = \arctan z, \quad Ti_2(z) = \int_0^z {\arctan t \over t} \,\mathrm{d}t,
</math>
::<math>
\quad \ldots~, \quad Ti_{n+1}(z) = \int_0^z {Ti_n(t) \over t} \,\mathrm{d}t \,,
</math>
 
:which explains the function name.
 
* The [[Legendre chi function]] ''χ''<sub>''s''</sub>(''z'') ({{harvnb|Lewin|1958|loc=Ch. VII § 1.1}}; {{harvnb|Boersma|Dempsey|1992}}) can be expressed in terms of polylogarithms:
 
::<math>
\chi_s(z) = \tfrac {1}{2} \left[ \operatorname{Li}_s(z) - \operatorname{Li}_s(-z) \right] .
</math>
 
* The polylogarithm of integer order can be expressed as a [[generalized hypergeometric function]]:
 
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_n(z) = z \;_{n+1}F_{n} (1,1,\dots,1; \,2,2,\dots,2; \,z) \qquad (n = 0,1,2,\ldots) ~,
</math>
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{-n}(z) = z \;_{n}F_{n-1} (2,2,\dots,2; \,1,1,\dots,1; \,z) \qquad (n = 1,2,3,\ldots) ~.
</math>
 
* In terms of the [[Riemann zeta function#Generalizations|incomplete zeta functions]] or "[[Debye function]]s" {{harv|Abramowitz|Stegun|1972|loc=§ 27.1}}:
 
::<math>
Z_n(z) = {1 \over (n \!-\! 1)!} \int_z^\infty {t^{n-1} \over e^t-1} \,\mathrm{d}t \qquad (n = 1,2,3,\ldots) \,,
</math>
 
:the polylogarithm Li<sub>''n''</sub>(''z'') for positive integer n may be expressed as the finite sum {{harv|Wood|1992|loc=§ 16}}:
 
::<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{n}(e^\mu) = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} Z_{n-k}(-\mu) \,{\mu^k \over k!} \qquad (n = 1,2,3,\ldots) \,.
</math>
 
:A remarkably similar expression relates the "Debye functions" ''Z''<sub>''n''</sub>(''z'') to the polylogarithm:
 
::<math>
Z_n(z) = \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \operatorname{Li}_{n-k}(e^{-z}) \,{z^k \over k!} \qquad (n = 1,2,3,\ldots) \,.
</math>
 
==Integral representations==
 
Any of the following integral representations furnishes the [[analytic continuation]] of the polylogarithm beyond the circle of convergence |''z''| = 1 of the defining power series.
 
'''1.''' The polylogarithm can be expressed in term of the integral of the [[Bose–Einstein distribution]]:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{s}(z) = {1 \over \Gamma(s)}
\int_0^\infty {t^{s-1} \over e^t/z-1} \,\mathrm{d}t \,.
</math>
 
This converges for Re(''s'') >&nbsp;0 and all ''z'' except for ''z'' real and ≥&nbsp;1. The polylogarithm in this context is sometimes referred to as a Bose integral or a [[complete Bose–Einstein integral|Bose–Einstein integral]]. Similarly, the polylogarithm can be expressed in terms of the integral of the [[Fermi–Dirac distribution]]:
 
:<math>
-\operatorname{Li}_{s}(-z) = {1 \over \Gamma(s)}
\int_0^\infty {t^{s-1} \over e^t/z+1} \,\mathrm{d}t \,.
</math>
 
This converges for Re(''s'') >&nbsp;0 and all ''z'' except for ''z'' real and ≤&nbsp;−1. The polylogarithm in this context is sometimes referred to as a Fermi integral or a [[complete Fermi–Dirac integral|Fermi–Dirac integral]] {{harv|GSL|2010}}. These representations are readily verified by [[Taylor series|Taylor expansion]] of the integrand with respect to ''z'' and termwise integration.
 
'''2.''' A complementary integral representation applies to Re(''s'') <&nbsp;0 and to all ''z'' except to ''z'' real and ≥&nbsp;0:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{s}(z) =
 
\int_0^\infty {t^{-s} \,\sin[s \,\pi /2 - t \ln(-z)] \over \sinh(\pi t)} \,\mathrm{d}t \,.
</math>
 
This integral follows from the general relation of the polylogarithm with the [[Hurwitz zeta function]] ([[#Relationship to other functions|see above]]) and a familiar integral representation of the latter.
 
'''3.''' The polylogarithm may be quite generally represented by a [[Hankel contour]] integral {{harv|Whittaker|Watson|1927|loc=§ 12.22, § 13.13}}, which extends the Bose–Einstein representation to negative orders ''s''. As long as the ''t'' = ''μ'' [[pole (complex analysis)|pole]] of the integrand does not lie on the non-negative real axis, and ''s'' ≠ 1, 2, 3, ..., we have:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(e^\mu) = -{{\Gamma(1 \!-\! s)} \over {2\pi i}} \oint_H {{(-t)^{s-1}} \over {e^{t-\mu}-1}} \,\mathrm{d}t
</math>
 
where ''H'' represents the Hankel contour. The integrand has a cut along the real axis from zero to infinity, with the axis belonging to the lower half plane of ''t''. The integration starts at +∞ on the upper half plane (Im(''t'') >&nbsp;0), circles the origin without enclosing any of the poles ''t'' = ''µ'' + 2''kπi'', and terminates at +∞ on the lower half plane (Im(''t'') <&nbsp;0). For the case where ''µ'' is real and non-negative, we can simply subtract the contribution of the enclosed ''t'' = ''µ'' pole:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(e^\mu) = -{{\Gamma(1 \!-\! s)} \over {2\pi i}} \oint_H {{(-t)^{s-1}} \over {e^{t-\mu}}-1} \,\mathrm{d}t - 2\pi i R
</math>
 
where ''R'' is the [[residue (complex analysis)|residue]] of the pole:
 
:<math>
R = {i \over 2\pi} \Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \,(-\mu)^{s-1} \,.
</math>
 
'''4.''' When the [[Abel–Plana formula]] is applied to the defining series of the polylogarithm, a [[Charles Hermite|Hermite]]-type integral representation results that is valid for all complex ''z'' and for all complex ''s'':
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(z) = \tfrac{1}{2}z + {\Gamma(1 \!-\! s, -\ln z) \over (-\ln z)^{1-s}} + 2z \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(s\arctan t \,- \,t\ln z)} {(1+t^2)^{s/2} \,(e^{2\pi t}-1)} \,\mathrm{d}t
</math>
 
where Γ is the [[incomplete gamma function|upper incomplete gamma-function]]. Note that all (but not part) of the ln(''z'') in this expression can be replaced by −ln(<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>''z''</sub>). A related representation which also holds for all complex ''s'',
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(z) = \tfrac{1}{2}z + z \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin[s \arctan t \,- \,t \ln(-z)]} {(1+t^2)^{s/2} \,\sinh(\pi t)} \,\mathrm{d}t \,,
</math>
 
avoids the use of the incomplete gamma function, but this integral fails for ''z'' on the positive real axis if Re(''s'') ≤&nbsp;0. This expression is found by writing 2<sup>''s''</sup> Li<sub>''s''</sub>(−''z'') / (−''z'') = Φ(''z''<sup>2</sup>, ''s'', <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>) − ''z'' Φ(''z''<sup>2</sup>, ''s'', 1), where Φ is the [[Lerch transcendent]], and applying the Abel–Plana formula to the first Φ series and a complementary formula that involves 1 / (''e''<sup>2''πt''</sup> + 1) in place of 1 / (''e''<sup>2''πt''</sup> − 1) to the second Φ series.
 
==Series representations==
 
'''1.''' As noted under [[#Integral representations|integral representations]] above, the Bose–Einstein integral representation of the polylogarithm may be extended to negative orders ''s'' by means of [[Hankel contour]] integration:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(e^\mu) = -{\Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \over 2\pi i} \oint_H {(-t)^{s-1} \over e^{t-\mu}-1} \,\mathrm{d}t \,,
</math>
 
where ''H'' is the Hankel contour, ''s'' ≠ 1, 2, 3, ..., and the ''t'' = ''μ'' pole of the integrand does not lie on the non-negative real axis. The [[methods of contour integration|contour]] can be modified so that it encloses the [[pole (complex analysis)|poles]] of the integrand at ''t'' − ''µ'' = 2''kπi'', and the integral can be evaluated as the sum of the [[residue (complex analysis)|residues]] ({{harvnb|Wood|1992|loc=§ 12, 13}}; {{harvnb|Gradshteyn|Ryzhik|1980|loc=§ 9.553}}):
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(e^\mu) = \Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \sum_{k=-\infty}^\infty (2k \pi i - \mu)^{s-1} \,.
</math>
 
This will hold for Re(''s'') < 0 and all ''μ'' except where ''e''<sup>''μ''</sup> = 1. For 0 < Im(''µ'') ≤ 2''π'' the sum can be split as:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(e^\mu) = \Gamma(1-s) \left[ (-2\pi i)^{s-1} \sum_{k=0}^\infty \left(k + {\mu \over {2\pi i}} \right)^{s-1} + (2\pi i)^{s-1} \sum_{k=0}^\infty \left(k+1- {\mu \over {2\pi i}} \right)^{s-1} \right] ,
</math>
 
where the two series can now be identified with the [[Hurwitz zeta function]]:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(e^\mu) = {\Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \over (2\pi)^{1-s}} \left[i^{1-s} ~\zeta \!\left(1 \!-\! s, ~{\mu \over {2\pi i}} \right) + i^{s-1} ~\zeta \!\left(1 \!-\! s, ~1 - {\mu \over {2\pi i}} \right) \right] \qquad (0 < \textrm{Im}(\mu) \leq 2\pi) \,.
</math>
 
This relation, which has already been given under [[#Relationship to other functions|relationship to other functions]] above, holds for all complex ''s'' ≠ 0, 1, 2, 3, ... and was first derived in {{harv|Jonquière|1889|loc=eq. 6}}.
 
'''2.''' In order to represent the polylogarithm as a power series about ''µ'' = 0, we write the series derived from the Hankel contour integral as:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(e^\mu) = \Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \,(-\mu)^{s-1} +  \Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \sum_{h=1}^\infty \left[(-2 h \pi i - \mu)^{s-1} + (2 h \pi i - \mu)^{s-1} \right] .
</math>
 
When the binomial powers in the sum are expanded about ''µ'' = 0 and the order of summation is reversed, the sum over ''h'' can be expressed in closed form:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(e^\mu) = \Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \,(-\mu)^{s-1} + \sum_{k=0}^\infty {\zeta(s-k) \over k!} \,\mu^k \,.
</math>
 
This result holds for |''µ''| < 2''π'' and, thanks to the analytic continuation provided by the [[Riemann zeta function|zeta functions]], for all ''s'' ≠ 1, 2, 3, ... . If the order is a positive integer, ''s'' = ''n'', both the term with ''k'' = ''n'' − 1 and the [[gamma function]] become infinite, although their sum does not. One obtains ({{harvnb|Wood|1992|loc=§ 9}}; {{harvnb|Gradshteyn|Ryzhik|1980|loc=§ 9.554}}):
 
:<math>
\lim_{s \rightarrow k+1} \left[ {\zeta(s-k) \over k!} \,\mu^k + \Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \,(-\mu)^{s-1} \right] = {\mu^k \over k!} \left[ \,\sum_{h=1}^k {1 \over h} - \ln(-\mu) \right] ,
</math>
 
where the sum over ''h'' vanishes if ''k'' = 0. So, for positive integer orders and for |''μ''| < 2''π'' we have the series:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{n}(e^\mu) = {\mu^{n-1} \over (n \!-\! 1)!} \left[ H_{n-1} - \ln(-\mu) \right] + \sum_{k=0,\,k\ne n-1}^\infty {\zeta(n-k) \over k!} \,\mu^k \,,
</math>
 
where ''H''<sub>''n''</sub> denotes the ''n''th [[harmonic number]]:
 
:<math>
H_n = \sum_{h=1}^n {1 \over h}, \qquad H_0 = 0 \,.
</math>
 
The problem terms now contain −ln(−''μ'') which, when multiplied by ''μ''<sup>''n''−1</sup>, will tend to zero as ''μ'' → 0, except for ''n'' = 1. This reflects the fact that Li<sub>''s''</sub>(''z'') exhibits a true [[mathematical singularity|logarithmic singularity]] at ''s'' = 1 and ''z'' = 1 since:
 
:<math>
\lim_{\mu \rightarrow 0} \Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \,(-\mu)^{s-1} = 0 \qquad (\textrm{Re}(s) > 1) \,.
</math>
 
For ''s'' close, but not equal, to a positive integer, the divergent terms in the expansion about ''µ'' = 0 can be expected to cause computational difficulties {{harv|Wood|1992|loc=§ 9}}. Note also that Erdélyi's corresponding expansion {{harv|Erdélyi et al.|1981|loc=§ 1.11-15}} in powers of ln(''z'') is not correct if one assumes that the principal branches of the polylogarithm and the logarithm are used simultaneously, since ln(<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>''z''</sub>) is not uniformly equal to −ln(''z'').
 
For nonpositive integer values of ''s'', the zeta function ζ(''s'' − ''k'') in the expansion about ''µ'' = 0 reduces to [[Bernoulli numbers]]: ζ(−''n'' − ''k'') = −B<sub>1+''n''+''k''</sub> / (1 + ''n'' + ''k''). Numerical evaluation of Li<sub>−''n''</sub>(''z'') by this series does not suffer from the cancellation effects that the finite rational expressions given under [[#Particular values|particular values]] above exhibit for large ''n''.
 
'''3.''' By use of the identity
 
:<math>
1 = {1 \over \Gamma(s)} \int_0^\infty e^{-t} \,t^{s-1} \,\mathrm{d}t \qquad (\textrm{Re}(s) > 0) \,,
</math>
 
the Bose–Einstein integral representation of the polylogarithm ([[#Integral representations|see above]]) may be cast in the form:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(z) = \tfrac{1}{2}z + {z \over 2 \Gamma(s)} \int_0^\infty e^{-t} \,t^{s-1} \coth{t - \ln z \over 2} \,\mathrm{d}t \qquad (\textrm{Re}(s) > 0) \,.
</math>
 
Replacing the hyperbolic cotangent with a bilateral series,
 
:<math>
\coth{t-\ln z \over 2} = 2 \sum_{k = -\infty}^\infty {1 \over 2 k \pi i + t - \ln z} \,,
</math>
 
then reversing the order of integral and sum, and finally identifying the summands with an integral representation of the [[incomplete gamma function|upper incomplete gamma function]], one obtains:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(z) = \tfrac{1}{2}z + \sum_{k = -\infty}^\infty  {\Gamma(1 \!-\!s, \,2 k \pi i - \ln z) \over (2 k \pi i - \ln z)^{1-s}} \,.
</math>
 
For both the bilateral series of this result and that for the hyperbolic cotangent, symmetric partial sums from −''k''<sub>max</sub> to ''k''<sub>max</sub> converge unconditionally as ''k''<sub>max</sub> → ∞. Provided the summation is performed symmetrically, this series for Li<sub>''s''</sub>(''z'') thus holds for all complex ''s'' as well as all complex ''z''.
 
'''4.''' Introducing an explicit expression for the [[Stirling numbers of the second kind]] into the finite sum for the polylogarithm of nonpositive integer order ([[#Particular values|see above]]) one may write:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_{-n}(z) = \sum_{k=0}^n \left( {-z \over 1-z} \right)^{k+1} ~\sum_{j=0}^k (-1)^{j+1} {k \choose j} (j+1)^n \qquad (n=0,1,2,\ldots) \,.
</math>
 
The infinite series obtained by simply extending the outer summation to ∞ {{harv|Guillera|Sondow|2008|loc=Theorem 2.1}}:
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(z) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \left( {-z \over 1-z} \right)^{k+1} ~\sum_{j=0}^k (-1)^{j+1} {k \choose j} (j+1)^{-s} \,,
</math>
 
turns out to converge to the polylogarithm for all complex ''s'' and for complex ''z'' with Re(''z'') < <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>, as can be verified for |<sup>−''z''</sup>⁄<sub>(1−''z'')</sub>| < <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> by reversing the order of summation and using:
 
:<math>
\sum_{k=j}^\infty {k \choose j} \left( {-z \over 1-z} \right)^{k+1} = \left[ \left( {-z \over 1-z} \right)^{-1} -1 \right]^{-j-1} = (-z)^{j+1} \,.
</math>
 
For the other arguments with Re(''z'') < <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> the result follows by [[analytic continuation]].                                This procedure is equivalent to applying [[binomial transform|Euler's transformation]] to the series in ''z'' that defines the polylogarithm.
 
==Asymptotic expansions==
 
For |''z''| ≫ 1, the polylogarithm can be expanded into [[asymptotic expansion|asymptotic series]] in terms of ln(−''z''):
 
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(z) = {\pm i\pi \over \Gamma(s)} \,[\ln(-z) \pm i\pi]^{s-1} - \sum_{k = 0}^\infty (-1)^k \,(2\pi)^{2k} \,{B_{2k} \over (2 k)!} \,{[\ln(-z) \pm i\pi]^{s-2 k} \over \Gamma(s+1-2k)} ~,
</math>
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_s(z) = \sum_{k = 0}^\infty (-1)^k \,(1-2^{1-2k}) \,(2\pi)^{2k} \,{B_{2k} \over (2k)!} \,{[\ln(-z)]^{s-2 k} \over \Gamma(s+1-2k)} ~,
</math>
 
where ''B''<sub>2''k''</sub> are the [[Bernoulli numbers]]. Both versions hold for all ''s'' and for any arg(''z''). As usual, the summation should be terminated when the terms start growing in magnitude. For negative integer ''s'', the expansions vanish entirely; for non-negative integer ''s'', they break off after a finite number of terms. {{harvtxt|Wood|1992|loc=§ 11}} describes a method for obtaining these series from the Bose–Einstein integral representation (note that his equation 11.2 for Li<sub>''s''</sub>(''e''<sup>''µ''</sup>) requires −2''π'' < Im(''µ'') ≤ 0).
 
==Limiting behavior==
 
The following [[limit (mathematics)|limits]] result from the various representations of the polylogarithm {{harv|Wood|1992|loc=§ 22}}:
 
:<math>
\lim_{|z|\rightarrow 0} \operatorname{Li}_s(z) = z
</math>
 
:<math>
\lim_{|\mu|\rightarrow 0} \operatorname{Li}_s(e^\mu) = \Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \,(-\mu)^{s-1} \qquad (\mathrm{Re}(s) < 1)
</math>
 
:<math>
\lim_{\mathrm{Re}(\mu) \rightarrow \infty} \operatorname{Li}_s(-e^\mu) = -{\mu^s \over \Gamma(s+1)}
\qquad (s \ne -1, -2, -3, \ldots)
</math>
 
:<math>
\lim_{\mathrm{Re}(\mu) \rightarrow \infty} \operatorname{Li}_{-n}(e^\mu) = -(-1)^n \,e^{-\mu} \qquad (n = 1, 2, 3, \ldots)
</math>
 
:<math>
\lim_{\mathrm{Re}(s) \rightarrow \infty} \operatorname{Li}_s(z) = z
</math>
 
:<math>
\lim_{\mathrm{Re}(s) \rightarrow -\infty} \operatorname{Li}_s(e^\mu) = \Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \,(-\mu)^{s-1} \qquad (-\pi < \mathrm{Im}(\mu) < \pi)
</math>
 
:<math>
\lim_{\mathrm{Re}(s) \rightarrow -\infty} \operatorname{Li}_s(-e^\mu) = \Gamma(1 \!-\! s) \left[ (-\mu - i\pi)^{s-1} + (-\mu + i\pi)^{s-1} \right] \qquad (\mathrm{Im}(\mu) = 0)
</math>
 
Note that Wood's first limit for Re(''µ'') → ∞ has been corrected in accordance with his equation 11.3. The limit for Re(''s'') → −∞ follows from the general relation of the polylogarithm with the [[Hurwitz zeta function]] ([[#Relationship to other functions|see above]]).
 
==Dilogarithm==
{{Main|Spence's function}}
The dilogarithm is just the polylogarithm of order ''s'' = 2. An alternate integral expression of the dilogarithm for arbitrary complex argument ''z'' is {{harv|Abramowitz|Stegun|1972|loc=§ 27.7}}:
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_2 (z) = -\int_0^z{\ln (1-t) \over t} \,\mathrm{d}t = -\int_0^1{\ln (1-zt) \over t} \,\mathrm{d}t.
</math>
 
A source of confusion is that some [[computer algebra system]]s define the dilogarithm as dilog(''z'') = Li<sub>2</sub>(1−''z'').
 
In the case of real ''z'' ≥ 1 the first integral expression for the dilogarithm can be written as
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_2(z) = \frac{\pi^2}{6} - \int_1^z{\ln(t-1) \over t} \,\mathrm{d}t - i\pi \ln z
</math>
 
from which expanding ln(''t''−1) and integrating term by term we obtain
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_2(z) = \frac{\pi^2}{3} - \frac{1}{2}(\ln z)^2 - \sum_{k=1}^\infty {1 \over k^2 z^k} - i\pi \ln z \qquad (z \ge 1) \,.
</math>
 
The '''[[Niels Henrik Abel|Abel]] identity''' for the dilogarithm is given by {{harv|Abel|1881}}
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_2 \left( \frac{x}{1-y} \right) + \operatorname{Li}_2 \left( \frac{y}{1-x} \right) - \operatorname{Li}_2 \left( \frac{xy}{(1-x)(1-y)} \right) = \operatorname{Li}_2(x) + \operatorname{Li}_2(y) + \ln(1-x) \ln(1-y)
</math>
 
:<math>
(\mathrm{Re}(x) \le \tfrac{1}{2} \;\wedge\; \mathrm{Re}(y) \le \tfrac{1}{2} \;\vee\; \mathrm{Im}(x) > 0 \;\wedge\; \mathrm{Im}(y) > 0 \;\vee\; \mathrm{Im}(x) < 0 \;\wedge\; \mathrm{Im}(y) < 0 \;\vee\; \ldots) \,.
</math>
 
This is immediately seen to hold for either ''x'' = 0 or ''y'' = 0, and for general arguments is then easily verified by differentiation ∂/∂''x'' ∂/∂''y''. For ''y'' = 1−''x'' the identity reduces to [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]]'s '''reflection formula'''
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_2 \left(x \right) + \operatorname{Li}_2 \left(1-x                    \right) = \tfrac{1}{6} \pi^2 - \ln(x)\ln(1-x) \,,
</math>
where Li<sub>2</sub>(1) = ζ(2) = <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>6</sub> ''π''<sup>2</sup> has been used and ''x'' may take any complex value.
 
In terms of the new variables ''u'' = ''x''/(1−''y''), ''v'' = ''y''/(1−''x'') the Abel identity reads
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_2(u) + \operatorname{Li}_2(v) - \operatorname{Li}_2(uv) = \operatorname{Li}_2 \left( \frac{u-uv}{1-uv} \right) + \operatorname{Li}_2 \left( \frac{v-uv}{1-uv} \right) + \ln \left( \frac{1-u}{1-uv} \right) \ln\left( \frac{1-v}{1-uv} \right),
</math>
 
which corresponds to the '''pentagon identity''' given in {{harv|Rogers|1907}}.
 
From the Abel identity for ''x'' = ''y'' = 1−''z'' and the square relationship we have '''[[John Landen|Landen]]'s identity'''
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_2(1-z) + \operatorname{Li}_2 \left( 1-\frac{1}{z} \right) = - \frac{1}{2} (\ln z)^2 \qquad (z \not \in ~]-\infty; 0]) \,,
</math>
 
and applying the reflection formula to each dilogarithm we find the '''inversion formula'''
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_2(z) + \operatorname{Li}_2(1/z) = -\tfrac{1}{6} \pi^2 - \tfrac{1}{2} [\ln(-z)]^2 \qquad (z \not \in ~[0; 1[) \,,
</math>
 
and for real ''z'' ≥ 1 also
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_2(z) + \operatorname{Li}_2(1/z) = \tfrac{1}{3} \pi^2 - \tfrac{1}{2} (\ln z)^2 - i\pi \ln z \,.
</math>
 
Known closed-form evaluations of the dilogarithm at special arguments are collected in the table below. Arguments in the first column are related by reflection ''x'' ↔ 1−''x'' or inversion ''x'' ↔ <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>''x''</sub> to either ''x'' = 0 or ''x'' = −1; arguments in the third column are all interrelated by these operations.
 
'''Historical note''': {{harvtxt|Maximon|2003}} discusses the 17th to 19th century references. The reflection formula was already published by Landen in 1760, prior to its appearance in a 1768 book by Euler {{harv|Maximon|2003|loc=§ 10}}; an equivalent to Abel's identity was already published by [[William Spence (mathematician)|Spence]] in 1809, before Abel wrote his manuscript in 1826 {{harv|Zagier|1989|loc=§ 2}}. The designation ''bilogarithmische Function'' was introduced by [[:sv:Carl Johan Hill|Carl Johan Danielsson Hill]] (professor in Lund, Sweden) in 1828 {{harv|Maximon|2003|loc=§ 10}}. {{harvs | txt | authorlink= Don Zagier | first= Don | last= Zagier | year= 1989}} has remarked that the dilogarithm is the only mathematical function possessing a sense of humor.
 
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ '''Special values of the dilogarithm'''
|-
! <math>x \,</math>
! <math>\operatorname{Li}_2(x) \,</math>
! <math>x \,</math>
! <math>\operatorname{Li}_2(x) \,</math>
|-
| <math>-1 \,</math>
| <math>-\tfrac {1}{12} \pi^2 \,</math>
| <math>-\phi \,</math>
| <math>-\tfrac {1}{10} \pi^2 - \ln^2 \phi \,</math>
|-
| <math>0 \,</math>
| <math>0 \,</math>
| <math>-1 / \phi \,</math>
| <math>-\tfrac {1}{15} \pi^2 + \tfrac {1}{2} \ln^2 \phi \,</math>
|-
| <math>\tfrac {1}{2} \,</math>
| <math>\tfrac {1}{12} \pi^2 - \tfrac {1}{2} \ln^2 2 \,</math>
| <math>1 / \phi^2 \,</math>
| <math>\tfrac {1}{15} \pi^2 - \ln^2 \phi \,</math>
|-
| <math>1 \,</math>
| <math>\tfrac {1}{6} \pi^2 \,</math>
| <math>1 / \phi \,</math>
| <math>\tfrac {1}{10} \pi^2 - \ln^2 \phi \,</math>
|-
| <math>2 \,</math>
| <math>\tfrac {1}{4} \pi^2 - \pi i \ln 2 \,</math>
| <math>\phi \,</math>
| <math>\tfrac {11}{15} \pi^2 + \tfrac {1}{2} \ln^2(-1 / \phi) \,</math>
|-
|
|
| <math>\phi^2 \,</math>
| <math>-\tfrac {11}{15} \pi^2 - \ln^2(-\phi) \,</math>
|-
|}
:Here <math>\scriptstyle \phi\, = \,\tfrac{1}{2} (\sqrt{5}+1)</math> denotes the [[golden ratio]].
 
==Polylogarithm ladders==
 
[[Leonard Lewin (mathematician)|Leonard Lewin]] discovered a remarkable and broad generalization of a number of classical relationships on the polylogarithm for special values. These are now called '''polylogarithm ladders'''. Define <math>\scriptstyle \rho\, = \,\tfrac{1}{2} (\sqrt{5}-1)</math> as the reciprocal of the [[golden ratio]]. Then two simple examples of dilogarithm ladders are
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_2(\rho^6) = 4 \operatorname{Li}_2(\rho^3) + 3 \operatorname{Li}_2(\rho^2) - 6 \operatorname{Li}_2(\rho) + \tfrac {7}{30} \pi^2
</math>
 
given by {{harvs | txt | authorlink= Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | last= Coxeter | year= 1935}} and
:<math>
\operatorname{Li}_2(\rho) = \tfrac{1}{10} \pi^2 - \ln^2\rho
</math>
 
given by [[John Landen|Landen]]. Polylogarithm ladders occur naturally and deeply in [[K-theory]] and [[algebraic geometry]]. Polylogarithm ladders provide the basis for the rapid computations of various mathematical constants by means of the [[BBP algorithm]] {{harv|Bailey|Borwein|Plouffe|1997}}.
 
==Monodromy==
 
The polylogarithm has two [[branch point]]s; one at ''z'' = 1 and another at ''z'' = 0. The second branch point, at ''z'' = 0, is not visible on the main sheet of the polylogarithm; it becomes visible only when the function is [[analytically continued]] to its other sheets. The [[monodromy]] group for the polylogarithm consists of the [[homotopy]] classes of loops that wind around the two branch points. Denoting these two by ''m''<sub>0</sub> and ''m''<sub>1</sub>, the monodromy group has the [[group presentation]]
:<math>
\langle m_0, m_1 \,\vert\, w = m_0 m_1 m^{-1}_0 m^{-1}_1, \,w m_1 = m_1 w \rangle.
</math>
 
For the special case of the dilogarithm, one also has that ''wm''<sub>0</sub> = ''m''<sub>0</sub>''w'', and the monodromy group becomes the [[Heisenberg group]] (identifying ''m''<sub>0</sub>, ''m''<sub>1</sub> and ''w'' with ''x'', ''y'', ''z'') {{harv|Vepstas|2008}}.
 
==References==
* {{cite book | last= Abel | first= N.H. | author-link= Niels Henrik Abel | contribution= Note sur la fonction <math>\scriptstyle \psi x \,= \,x+ \frac{x^2}{2^2}+ \frac{x^3}{3^2}+ \cdots+ \frac{x^n}{n^2}+ \cdots</math> | language= French | contribution-url= http://www.abelprisen.no/nedlastning/verker/oeuvres_1881_del2/oeuvres_completes_de_abel_nouv_ed_2_kap14_opt.pdf | format= PDF | editor1-last= Sylow | editor1-first= L. | editor2-last= Lie | editor2-first= S. | title= Œuvres complètes de Niels Henrik Abel − Nouvelle édition, Tome II | location= Christiania [Oslo] | publisher= Grøndahl & Søn | origyear= 1826 | year= 1881 | pages= 189–193 | ref= harv}} (this 1826 manuscript was only published posthumously.)
* {{cite book | last1= Abramowitz | first1= M. | last2= Stegun | first2= I.A. | title= [[Abramowitz and Stegun|Handbook of Mathematical Functions]] with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables | location= New York | publisher= Dover Publications | year= 1972 | isbn= 0-486-61272-4 | ref= harv}}
* {{dlmf | id= 25.12 | first= T.M. | last= Apostol | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last1= Bailey | first1= D.H. | author1-link= David H. Bailey | last2= Borwein | first2= P.B. | author2-link= Peter Borwein | last3= Plouffe | first3= S. | author3-link= Simon Plouffe | title= On the Rapid Computation of Various Polylogarithmic Constants | url= http://crd.lbl.gov/~dhbailey/dhbpapers/digits.pdf | format= PDF | journal= Mathematics of Computation |date=April 1997 | volume= 66 | issue= 218 | pages= 903–913 | doi= 10.1090/S0025-5718-97-00856-9 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite arxiv | last1= Bailey | first1= D.H. | last2= Broadhurst | first2= D.J. | title= A Seventeenth-Order Polylogarithm Ladder | eprint= math.CA/9906134 | class= math.CA | date= June 20, 1999 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite book | last= Berndt | first= B.C. | title= Ramanujan's Notebooks, Part IV | location= New York | publisher= Springer-Verlag | year= 1994 | pages= 323–326 | isbn=0-387-94109-6 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | authorlink= Johannes Boersma | last1= Boersma | first1= J. | last2= Dempsey | first2= J.P. | title= On the evaluation of Legendre's chi-function | jstor= 2152987 | journal= Mathematics of Computation | year= 1992 | volume= 59 | issue= 199 | pages= 157–163 | doi= 10.2307/2152987 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last1= Borwein | first1= D. | author1-link= David Borwein | last2= Borwein | first2= J.M. | author2-link= Jonathan Borwein | last3= Girgensohn | first3= R. | title= Explicit evaluation of Euler sums | url= http://docserver.carma.newcastle.edu.au/58/2/93_001-Borwein-Borwein-Girgensohn.pdf | format= PDF | journal= Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society (Series 2) | year= 1995 | volume= 38 | issue= 2 | pages= 277–294 | doi= 10.1017/S0013091500019088 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last1= Borwein | first1= J.M. | last2= Bradley | first2= D.M. | last3= Broadhurst | first3= D.J. | last4= Lisonek | first4= P. | title= Special Values of Multiple Polylogarithms | journal= Transactions of the American Mathematical Society | year= 2001 | volume= 353 | issue= 3 | pages= 907–941 | doi= 10.1090/S0002-9947-00-02616-7 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite arxiv | last= Broadhurst | first= D.J. | title= On the enumeration of irreducible k-fold Euler sums and their roles in knot theory and field theory | eprint= hep-th/9604128 | class= hep-th | date= April 21, 1996 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last= Clunie | first= J. | title= On Bose-Einstein functions | journal= Proceedings of the Physical Society | series = Series A | year= 1954 | volume= 67 | issue= 7 | pages= 632–636 | doi= 10.1088/0370-1298/67/7/308 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last1= Cohen | first1= H. | last2= Lewin | first2= L. | last3= Zagier | first3= D. | title= A Sixteenth-Order Polylogarithm Ladder | url= http://www.expmath.org/expmath/volumes/1/1.html | format= PS | journal= Experimental Mathematics | year= 1992 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 25–34 | doi= | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last= Coxeter | first= H.S.M. | authorlink= Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter | title= The functions of Schläfli and Lobatschefsky | journal= Quarterly Journal of Mathematics (Oxford) | year= 1935 | volume= 6 | issue= 1 | pages= 13–29 | doi= 10.1093/qmath/os-6.1.13 | jfm= 61.0395.02 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last1= Cvijovic | first1= D. | last2= Klinowski | first2= J. | title= Continued-fraction expansions for the Riemann zeta function and polylogarithms | url= http://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1997-125-09/S0002-9939-97-04102-6/S0002-9939-97-04102-6.pdf | format= PDF | journal= Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society | year= 1997 | volume= 125 | issue= 9 | pages= 2543–2550 | doi= 10.1090/S0002-9939-97-04102-6 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last= Cvijovic | first= D. | title= New integral representations of the polylogarithm function | url= http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/463/2080/897.full.pdf | format= PDF | journal= [[Proceedings of the Royal Society A]] | year= 2007 | volume= 463 | issue= 2080 | pages= 897–905 | doi= 10.1098/rspa.2006.1794 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite book | last1= Erdélyi | first1= A. | author1-link= Arthur Erdélyi | last2= Magnus | first2= W. | last3= Oberhettinger | first3= F. | last4= Tricomi | first4= F.G. | title= Higher Transcendental Functions, Vol. 1 | url= http://apps.nrbook.com/bateman/Vol1.pdf | format = PDF | location= Malabar, FL | publisher= R.E. Krieger Publishing | year= 1981 | isbn= 0-89874-206-4 | ref= {{harvid|Erdélyi et al.|1981}}}} (this is a reprint of the McGraw–Hill original of 1953.)
* {{cite journal | last1= Fornberg | first1= B. | last2= Kölbig | first2= K.S. | title= Complex zeros of the Jonquière or polylogarithm function | jstor= 2005579 | journal= Mathematics of Computation | year= 1975 | volume= 29 | issue= 130 | pages= 582–599 | doi= 10.2307/2005579 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite web | author= GNU Scientific Library | url= http://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/manual/gsl-ref.html#SEC117 | title= Reference Manual | year= 2010 | accessdate= 2010-06-13 | ref= {{harvid|GSL|2010}} }}
* {{cite book | last1= Gradshteyn | first1= I.S. | last2= Ryzhik | first2= I.M. | title= Tables of Integrals, Series, and Products | edition= 4th | location= New York | publisher= Academic Press | year= 1980 | isbn= 0-12-294760-6 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last1= Guillera | first1= J. | last2= Sondow | first2= J. | title= Double integrals and infinite products for some classical constants via analytic continuations of Lerch's transcendent | arxiv= math.NT/0506319 | journal= The Ramanujan Journal | year= 2008 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 247–270 | doi= 10.1007/s11139-007-9102-0 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite arxiv | last= Hain | first= R.M. | title= Classical polylogarithms | eprint= alg-geom/9202022 | class= alg-geom | date= March 25, 1992 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite book | last1= Jahnke | first1= E. | last2= Emde | first2= F. | title= Tables of Functions with Formulae and Curves | edition= 4th | location= New York | publisher= Dover Publications | year= 1945 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last= Jonquière | first= A. | title= Note sur la série <math>\scriptstyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n^s}</math> | language= French | url= http://archive.numdam.org/item?id=BSMF_1889__17__142_1 | format= PDF | journal= Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France | year= 1889 | volume= 17 | pages= 142–152 | jfm= 21.0246.02 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last1= Kölbig | first1= K.S. | last2= Mignaco | first2= J.A. | last3= Remiddi | first3= E. | title= On Nielsen's generalized polylogarithms and their numerical calculation | journal= BIT | year= 1970 | volume= 10 | pages= 38–74 | doi= 10.1007/BF01940890 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last= Kirillov | first= A.N. | title= Dilogarithm identities | arxiv= hep-th/9408113 | journal= Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement | year= 1995 | volume= 118 | pages= 61–142 | doi= 10.1143/PTPS.118.61 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite book | last= Lewin | first= L. | title= Dilogarithms and Associated Functions | location= London | publisher= Macdonald | year= 1958 | mr= 0105524 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite book | last= Lewin | first= L. | title= Polylogarithms and Associated Functions | location= New York | publisher= North-Holland | year= 1981 | isbn= 0-444-00550-1 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite book | last= Lewin | first= L. (Ed.) | title= Structural Properties of Polylogarithms | series= Mathematical Surveys and Monographs | volume= 37 | location= Providence, RI | publisher= Amer. Math. Soc. | year= 1991 | isbn= 0-8218-1634-9 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last= Markman | first= B. | title= The Riemann Zeta Function | journal= BIT | year= 1965 | volume= 5 | pages= 138–141 | doi= | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last= Maximon | first= L.C. | title= The Dilogarithm Function for Complex Argument | url= http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/459/2039/2807.full.pdf | format= PDF | journal= [[Proceedings of the Royal Society A]] | year= 2003 | volume= 459 | issue= 2039 | pages= 2807–2819 | doi= 10.1098/rspa.2003.1156 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last1= McDougall | first1= J. | last2= Stoner | first2= E.C. | title= The computation of Fermi-Dirac functions | journal= [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]] | year= 1938 | volume= 237 | issue= 773 | pages= 67–104 | doi= 10.1098/rsta.1938.0004 | jfm= 64.1500.04 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | authorlink= Niels Nielsen (mathematician) | last= Nielsen | first= N. | title= Der Eulersche Dilogarithmus und seine Verallgemeinerungen. Eine Monographie | language= German | location= Halle – Leipzig, Germany | publisher= Kaiserlich-Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher | journal= Nova Acta Leopoldina | year= 1909 | volume= XC | issue= 3 | pages= 121–212 | jfm= 40.0478.01 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite book | last1= Prudnikov | first1= A.P. | last2= Marichev | first2= O.I. | last3= Brychkov | first3= Yu.A. | title= Integrals and Series, Vol. 3: More Special Functions | location= Newark, NJ | publisher= Gordon and Breach | year= 1990 | isbn= 2-88124-682-6 | ref= harv}} (see § 1.2, "The generalized zeta function, Bernoulli polynomials, Euler polynomials, and polylogarithms", p.&nbsp;23.)
* {{cite journal | last= Robinson | first= J.E. | title= Note on the Bose-Einstein integral functions | journal= Physical Review | series = Series 2 | year= 1951 | volume= 83 | issue= 3 | pages= 678–679 | doi= 10.1103/PhysRev.83.678 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last= Rogers | first= L.J. | title= On function sum theorems connected with the series <math>\scriptstyle \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n^2}</math> | journal= Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society (2) | year= 1907 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 169–189 | doi= 10.1112/plms/s2-4.1.169 | jfm= 37.0428.03 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite book | last= Schrödinger | first= E. | authorlink= Erwin Schrödinger | title= Statistical Thermodynamics | edition= 2nd | location= Cambridge, UK | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year= 1952 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last= Truesdell | first= C. | title= On a function which occurs in the theory of the structure of polymers | jstor= 1969153 | journal= Annals of Mathematics. Second Series | year= 1945 | volume= 46 | issue= 1 | pages= 144–157 | doi= 10.2307/1969153 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite journal | last= Vepstas | first= L. | title= An efficient algorithm for accelerating the convergence of oscillatory series, useful for computing the polylogarithm and Hurwitz zeta functions | arxiv= math.CA/0702243 | journal= Numerical Algorithms | year= 2008 | volume= 47 | issue= 3 | pages= 211–252 | doi= 10.1007/s11075-007-9153-8 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite book | last1= Whittaker | first1= E.T. | author1-link= Edmund Taylor Whittaker | last2= Watson | first2= G.N. | author2-link= George Neville Watson | title= A Course of Modern Analysis | edition= 4th | location= Cambridge, UK | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year= 1927 | ref= harv}} (this edition has been reprinted many times, a 1996 paperback has ISBN 0-521-09189-6.)
* {{cite journal | last= Wirtinger | first= W. | title= Über eine besondere Dirichletsche Reihe | language= German | journal= Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik | year= 1905 | volume= 129 | pages= 214–219 | jfm= 37.0434.01 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite web | last= Wood | first= D.C. | title= The Computation of Polylogarithms. Technical Report 15-92* | url= http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/pubs/1992/110 | format= PS | location= Canterbury, UK | publisher= University of Kent Computing Laboratory |date=June 1992 | accessdate= 2005-11-01 | ref= harv}}
* {{cite conference | last= Zagier | first= D. | author-link= Don Zagier | title= The dilogarithm function in geometry and number theory | booktitle= Number Theory and Related Topics: papers presented at the Ramanujan Colloquium, Bombay, 1988 | series= Studies in Mathematics | volume= 12 | location= Bombay | publisher= Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Oxford University Press | year= 1989 | pages= 231–249 | isbn= 0-19-562367-3 | ref= harv}} (also appeared as "The remarkable dilogarithm" in ''Journal of Mathematical and Physical Sciences'' '''22''' (1988), pp.&nbsp;131–145, and as Chapter I of {{harv|Zagier|2007}}.)
* {{cite book | last= Zagier | first= D. | contribution= The Dilogarithm Function | contribution-url= http://mathlab.snu.ac.kr/~top/articles/zagier.pdf | format= PDF | editor1-last= Cartier | editor1-first= P.E. | editor2-last= Julia | editor2-first= B. | editor3-last= Moussa | editor3-first= P. | editor4-last= Vanhove | editor4-first= P. | displayeditors= 1 | title= Frontiers in Number Theory, Physics, and Geometry II – On Conformal Field Theories, Discrete Groups and Renormalization | location= Berlin | publisher= Springer-Verlag | year= 2007 | pages= 3–65 | isbn= 978-3-540-30307-7 | ref= harv}}
 
==External links==
* {{mathworld | urlname= Polylogarithm | title= Polylogarithm}}
* {{mathworld | urlname= Dilogarithm | title= Dilogarithm}}
* [https://launchpad.net/anant Algorithms in Analytic Number Theory] provides an arbitrary-precision, [[GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library|GMP]]-based, [[GPL]]-licensed implementation.
 
[[Category:Special functions]]
[[Category:Zeta and L-functions]]
[[Category:Rational functions]]

Revision as of 14:55, 24 January 2014

Template:Distinguish

In mathematics, the polylogarithm (also known as [[#Template:Harvid|Jonquière's function]]) is a special function Lis(z) of order s and argument z. Only for special values of s does the polylogarithm reduce to an elementary function such as the natural logarithm or rational functions. In quantum statistics, the polylogarithm function appears as the closed form of integrals of the Fermi–Dirac distribution and the Bose–Einstein distribution, and is also known as the Fermi–Dirac integral or the Bose–Einstein integral. In quantum electrodynamics, polylogarithms of positive integer order arise in the calculation of processes represented by higher-order Feynman diagrams.

The polylogarithm function is equivalent to the Hurwitz zeta function — either function can be expressed in terms of the other — and both functions are special cases of the Lerch transcendent. Polylogarithms should not be confused with polylogarithmic functions nor with the offset logarithmic integral which has a similar notation.

Different polylogarithm functions in the complex plane
Li−3(z) Li−2(z) Li−1(z) Li0(z) Li1(z) Li2(z) Li3(z)

The polylogarithm function is defined by the infinite sum, or power series:

Lis(z)=k=1zkks=z+z22s+z33s+.

This definition is valid for arbitrary complex order s and for all complex arguments z with |z| < 1; it can be extended to |z| ≥ 1 by the process of analytic continuation. The special case s = 1 involves the ordinary natural logarithm, Li1(z) = −ln(1−z), while the special cases s = 2 and s = 3 are called the dilogarithm (also referred to as Spence's function) and trilogarithm respectively. The name of the function comes from the fact that it may also be defined as the repeated integral of itself:

Lis+1(z)=0zLis(t)tdt;

thus the dilogarithm is an integral of the logarithm, and so on. For nonpositive integer orders s, the polylogarithm is a rational function.

Properties

Preliminary note: In the important case where the polylogarithm order s is an integer, it will be represented by n (or −n when negative). It is often convenient to define μ = ln(z) where ln(z) is the principal branch of the complex logarithm Ln(z) so that −π < Im(μ) ≤ π. Also, all exponentiation will be assumed to be single-valued: zs = exp(s ln(z)).

Depending on the order s, the polylogarithm may be multi-valued. The principal branch of Lis(z) is taken to be given for |z| < 1 by the above series definition and taken to be continuous except on the positive real axis, where a cut is made from z = 1 to ∞ such that the axis is placed on the lower half plane of z. In terms of μ, this amounts to −π < arg(−μ) ≤ π. The discontinuity of the polylogarithm in dependence on μ can sometimes be confusing.

For real argument z, the polylogarithm of real order s is real if z < 1, and its imaginary part for z ≥ 1 is Template:Harv:

Im(Lis(z))=πμs1Γ(s).

Going across the cut, if ε is an infinitesimally small positive real number, then:

Im(Lis(z+iϵ))=πμs1Γ(s).

Both can be concluded from the series expansion (see below) of Lis(eµ) about µ = 0.

The derivatives of the polylogarithm follow from the defining power series:

zLis(z)z=Lis1(z)
Lis(eμ)μ=Lis1(eμ).

The square relationship is easily seen from the duplication formula (see also Template:Harvtxt, Template:Harvtxt):

Lis(z)+Lis(z)=21sLis(z2).

Note that Kummer's function obeys a very similar duplication formula. This is a special case of the multiplication formula, for any positive integer p:

m=0p1Lis(ze2πim/p)=p1sLis(zp),

which can be proved using the series definition of the polylogarithm and the orthogonality of the exponential terms (see e.g. discrete Fourier transform).

Another important property, the inversion formula, involves the Hurwitz zeta function or the Bernoulli polynomials and is found under relationship to other functions below.

Particular values

For particular cases, the polylogarithm may be expressed in terms of other functions (see below). Particular values for the polylogarithm may thus also be found as particular values of these other functions.

1. For integer values of the polylogarithm order, the following explicit expressions are obtained by repeated application of z·∂/∂z to Li1(z):

Li1(z)=ln(1z)
Li0(z)=z1z
Li1(z)=z(1z)2
Li2(z)=z(1+z)(1z)3
Li3(z)=z(1+4z+z2)(1z)4
Li4(z)=z(1+z)(1+10z+z2)(1z)5.

Accordingly the polylogarithm reduces to a ratio of polynomials in z, and is therefore a rational function of z, for all nonpositive integer orders. The general case may be expressed as a finite sum:

Lin(z)=(zz)nz1z=
=k=0nk!S(n+1,k+1)(z1z)k+1(n=0,1,2,),

where S(n,k) are the Stirling numbers of the second kind. Equivalent formulae applicable to negative integer orders are Template:Harv:

Lin(z)=(1)n+1k=0nk!S(n+1,k+1)(11z)k+1(n=1,2,3,),

and:

Lin(z)=1(1z)n+1k=0n1nkznk(n=1,2,3,),

where nk are the Eulerian numbers. All roots of Lin(z) are distinct and real; they include z = 0, while the remainder is negative and centered about z = −1 on a logarithmic scale. As n becomes large, the numerical evaluation of these rational expressions increasingly suffers from cancellation Template:Harv; full accuracy can be obtained, however, by computing Lin(z) via the general relation with the Hurwitz zeta function (see below).

2. Some particular expressions for half-integer values of the argument z are:

Li1(12)=ln2
Li2(12)=112π212(ln2)2
Li3(12)=16(ln2)3112π2ln2+78ζ(3),

where ζ is the Riemann zeta function. No formulae of this type are known for higher integer orders Template:Harv, but one has for instance Template:Harv:

Li4(12)=1360π4124(ln2)4+124π2(ln2)212ζ(3¯,1¯),

which involves the alternating double sum ζ(3¯,1¯)=m>n>0(1)m+nm3n1. In general one has for integer orders n ≥ 2 Template:Harv:

Lin(12)=ζ(1¯,1¯,{1}n2),

where ζ(s1, ..., sk) is the multiple zeta function; for example:

Li5(12)=ζ(1¯,1¯,1,1,1).

3. As a straightforward consequence of the series definition, values of the polylogarithm at the pth complex roots of unity are given by the Fourier sum:

Lis(e2πim/p)=psk=1pe2πimk/pζ(s,kp)(m=1,2,,p1),

where ζ is the Hurwitz zeta function. For Re(s) > 1, where Lis(1) is finite, the relation also holds with m = 0 or m = p. While this formula is not as simple as that implied by the more general relation with the Hurwitz zeta function listed under relationship to other functions below, it has the advantage of applying to non-negative integer values of s as well. As usual, the relation may be inverted to express ζ(s, mp) for any m = 1, ..., p as a Fourier sum of Lis(exp(2πi kp)) over k = 1, ..., p.

Relationship to other functions

Lis(1)=ζ(s)(Re(s)>1).
Lis(1)=η(s),
where η(s) is the Dirichlet eta function. For pure imaginary arguments, we have:
Lis(±i)=2sη(s)±iβ(s),
where β(s) is the Dirichlet beta function.
Fs(μ)=Lis+1(eμ).
Lis(z)=Lis(0,z).
Lis(z)=zΦ(z,s,1).
Lis(z)=Γ(1s)(2π)1s[i1sζ(1s,12+ln(z)2πi)+is1ζ(1s,12ln(z)2πi)],
which relation, however, is invalidated at positive integer s by poles of the gamma function Γ(1−s), and at s = 0 by a pole of both zeta functions; a derivation of this formula is given under series representations below. With a little help from a functional equation for the Hurwitz zeta function, the polylogarithm is consequently also related to that function via Template:Harv:
isLis(e2πix)+isLis(e2πix)=(2π)sΓ(s)ζ(1s,x),
which relation holds for 0 ≤ Re(x) < 1 if Im(x) ≥ 0, and for 0 < Re(x) ≤ 1 if Im(x) < 0. Equivalently, for all complex s and for complex z ∉ ]0;1], the inversion formula reads
Lis(z)+(1)sLis(1/z)=(2πi)sΓ(s)ζ(1s,12+ln(z)2πi),
and for all complex s and for complex z ∉ ]1;∞[
Lis(z)+(1)sLis(1/z)=(2πi)sΓ(s)ζ(1s,12ln(1/z)2πi).
For z ∉ ]0;∞[ one has ln(−z) = −ln(−1z), and both expressions agree. These relations furnish the analytic continuation of the polylogarithm beyond the circle of convergence |z| = 1 of the defining power series. (Note that the corresponding equation of Template:Harvtxt and Template:Harvtxt is not correct if one assumes that the principal branches of the polylogarithm and the logarithm are used simultaneously.) See the next item for a simplified formula when s is an integer.
  • For positive integer polylogarithm orders s, the Hurwitz zeta function ζ(1−s, x) reduces to Bernoulli polynomials, ζ(1−n, x) = −Bn(x) / n, and Jonquière's inversion formula for n = 1, 2, 3, ... becomes:
Lin(e2πix)+(1)nLin(e2πix)=(2πi)nn!Bn(x),
where again 0 ≤ Re(x) < 1 if Im(x) ≥ 0, and 0 < Re(x) ≤ 1 if Im(x) < 0. Upon restriction of the polylogarithm argument to the unit circle, Im(x) = 0, the left hand side of this formula simplifies to 2 Re(Lin(e2πix)) if n is even, and to 2i Im(Lin(e2πix)) if n is odd. For negative integer orders, on the other hand, the divergence of Γ(s) implies for all z that Template:Harv:
Lin(z)+(1)nLin(1/z)=0(n=1,2,3,).
More generally one has for n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ... :
Lin(z)+(1)nLin(1/z)=(2πi)nn!Bn(12+ln(z)2πi)(z∉]0;1]),
Lin(z)+(1)nLin(1/z)=(2πi)nn!Bn(12ln(1/z)2πi)(z∉]1;[),
where both expressions agree for z ∉ ]0;∞[. (Note that the corresponding equation of Template:Harvtxt and Template:Harvtxt is again not correct.)
Lis(e±iθ)=Cis(θ)±iSis(θ).
Tis(z)=12i[Lis(iz)Lis(iz)].
The relation in particular implies:
Ti0(z)=z1+z2,Ti1(z)=arctanz,Ti2(z)=0zarctanttdt,
,Tin+1(z)=0zTin(t)tdt,
which explains the function name.
χs(z)=12[Lis(z)Lis(z)].
Lin(z)=zn+1Fn(1,1,,1;2,2,,2;z)(n=0,1,2,),
Lin(z)=znFn1(2,2,,2;1,1,,1;z)(n=1,2,3,).
Zn(z)=1(n1)!ztn1et1dt(n=1,2,3,),
the polylogarithm Lin(z) for positive integer n may be expressed as the finite sum Template:Harv:
Lin(eμ)=k=0n1Znk(μ)μkk!(n=1,2,3,).
A remarkably similar expression relates the "Debye functions" Zn(z) to the polylogarithm:
Zn(z)=k=0n1Link(ez)zkk!(n=1,2,3,).

Integral representations

Any of the following integral representations furnishes the analytic continuation of the polylogarithm beyond the circle of convergence |z| = 1 of the defining power series.

1. The polylogarithm can be expressed in term of the integral of the Bose–Einstein distribution:

Lis(z)=1Γ(s)0ts1et/z1dt.

This converges for Re(s) > 0 and all z except for z real and ≥ 1. The polylogarithm in this context is sometimes referred to as a Bose integral or a Bose–Einstein integral. Similarly, the polylogarithm can be expressed in terms of the integral of the Fermi–Dirac distribution:

Lis(z)=1Γ(s)0ts1et/z+1dt.

This converges for Re(s) > 0 and all z except for z real and ≤ −1. The polylogarithm in this context is sometimes referred to as a Fermi integral or a Fermi–Dirac integral Template:Harv. These representations are readily verified by Taylor expansion of the integrand with respect to z and termwise integration.

2. A complementary integral representation applies to Re(s) < 0 and to all z except to z real and ≥ 0:

Lis(z)=0tssin[sπ/2tln(z)]sinh(πt)dt.

This integral follows from the general relation of the polylogarithm with the Hurwitz zeta function (see above) and a familiar integral representation of the latter.

3. The polylogarithm may be quite generally represented by a Hankel contour integral Template:Harv, which extends the Bose–Einstein representation to negative orders s. As long as the t = μ pole of the integrand does not lie on the non-negative real axis, and s ≠ 1, 2, 3, ..., we have:

Lis(eμ)=Γ(1s)2πiH(t)s1etμ1dt

where H represents the Hankel contour. The integrand has a cut along the real axis from zero to infinity, with the axis belonging to the lower half plane of t. The integration starts at +∞ on the upper half plane (Im(t) > 0), circles the origin without enclosing any of the poles t = µ + 2kπi, and terminates at +∞ on the lower half plane (Im(t) < 0). For the case where µ is real and non-negative, we can simply subtract the contribution of the enclosed t = µ pole:

Lis(eμ)=Γ(1s)2πiH(t)s1etμ1dt2πiR

where R is the residue of the pole:

R=i2πΓ(1s)(μ)s1.

4. When the Abel–Plana formula is applied to the defining series of the polylogarithm, a Hermite-type integral representation results that is valid for all complex z and for all complex s:

Lis(z)=12z+Γ(1s,lnz)(lnz)1s+2z0sin(sarctanttlnz)(1+t2)s/2(e2πt1)dt

where Γ is the upper incomplete gamma-function. Note that all (but not part) of the ln(z) in this expression can be replaced by −ln(1z). A related representation which also holds for all complex s,

Lis(z)=12z+z0sin[sarctanttln(z)](1+t2)s/2sinh(πt)dt,

avoids the use of the incomplete gamma function, but this integral fails for z on the positive real axis if Re(s) ≤ 0. This expression is found by writing 2s Lis(−z) / (−z) = Φ(z2, s, 12) − z Φ(z2, s, 1), where Φ is the Lerch transcendent, and applying the Abel–Plana formula to the first Φ series and a complementary formula that involves 1 / (e2πt + 1) in place of 1 / (e2πt − 1) to the second Φ series.

Series representations

1. As noted under integral representations above, the Bose–Einstein integral representation of the polylogarithm may be extended to negative orders s by means of Hankel contour integration:

Lis(eμ)=Γ(1s)2πiH(t)s1etμ1dt,

where H is the Hankel contour, s ≠ 1, 2, 3, ..., and the t = μ pole of the integrand does not lie on the non-negative real axis. The contour can be modified so that it encloses the poles of the integrand at tµ = 2kπi, and the integral can be evaluated as the sum of the residues (Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb):

Lis(eμ)=Γ(1s)k=(2kπiμ)s1.

This will hold for Re(s) < 0 and all μ except where eμ = 1. For 0 < Im(µ) ≤ 2π the sum can be split as:

Lis(eμ)=Γ(1s)[(2πi)s1k=0(k+μ2πi)s1+(2πi)s1k=0(k+1μ2πi)s1],

where the two series can now be identified with the Hurwitz zeta function:

Lis(eμ)=Γ(1s)(2π)1s[i1sζ(1s,μ2πi)+is1ζ(1s,1μ2πi)](0<Im(μ)2π).

This relation, which has already been given under relationship to other functions above, holds for all complex s ≠ 0, 1, 2, 3, ... and was first derived in Template:Harv.

2. In order to represent the polylogarithm as a power series about µ = 0, we write the series derived from the Hankel contour integral as:

Lis(eμ)=Γ(1s)(μ)s1+Γ(1s)h=1[(2hπiμ)s1+(2hπiμ)s1].

When the binomial powers in the sum are expanded about µ = 0 and the order of summation is reversed, the sum over h can be expressed in closed form:

Lis(eμ)=Γ(1s)(μ)s1+k=0ζ(sk)k!μk.

This result holds for |µ| < 2π and, thanks to the analytic continuation provided by the zeta functions, for all s ≠ 1, 2, 3, ... . If the order is a positive integer, s = n, both the term with k = n − 1 and the gamma function become infinite, although their sum does not. One obtains (Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb):

limsk+1[ζ(sk)k!μk+Γ(1s)(μ)s1]=μkk![h=1k1hln(μ)],

where the sum over h vanishes if k = 0. So, for positive integer orders and for |μ| < 2π we have the series:

Lin(eμ)=μn1(n1)![Hn1ln(μ)]+k=0,kn1ζ(nk)k!μk,

where Hn denotes the nth harmonic number:

Hn=h=1n1h,H0=0.

The problem terms now contain −ln(−μ) which, when multiplied by μn−1, will tend to zero as μ → 0, except for n = 1. This reflects the fact that Lis(z) exhibits a true logarithmic singularity at s = 1 and z = 1 since:

limμ0Γ(1s)(μ)s1=0(Re(s)>1).

For s close, but not equal, to a positive integer, the divergent terms in the expansion about µ = 0 can be expected to cause computational difficulties Template:Harv. Note also that Erdélyi's corresponding expansion Template:Harv in powers of ln(z) is not correct if one assumes that the principal branches of the polylogarithm and the logarithm are used simultaneously, since ln(1z) is not uniformly equal to −ln(z).

For nonpositive integer values of s, the zeta function ζ(sk) in the expansion about µ = 0 reduces to Bernoulli numbers: ζ(−nk) = −B1+n+k / (1 + n + k). Numerical evaluation of Lin(z) by this series does not suffer from the cancellation effects that the finite rational expressions given under particular values above exhibit for large n.

3. By use of the identity

1=1Γ(s)0etts1dt(Re(s)>0),

the Bose–Einstein integral representation of the polylogarithm (see above) may be cast in the form:

Lis(z)=12z+z2Γ(s)0etts1cothtlnz2dt(Re(s)>0).

Replacing the hyperbolic cotangent with a bilateral series,

cothtlnz2=2k=12kπi+tlnz,

then reversing the order of integral and sum, and finally identifying the summands with an integral representation of the upper incomplete gamma function, one obtains:

Lis(z)=12z+k=Γ(1s,2kπilnz)(2kπilnz)1s.

For both the bilateral series of this result and that for the hyperbolic cotangent, symmetric partial sums from −kmax to kmax converge unconditionally as kmax → ∞. Provided the summation is performed symmetrically, this series for Lis(z) thus holds for all complex s as well as all complex z.

4. Introducing an explicit expression for the Stirling numbers of the second kind into the finite sum for the polylogarithm of nonpositive integer order (see above) one may write:

Lin(z)=k=0n(z1z)k+1j=0k(1)j+1(kj)(j+1)n(n=0,1,2,).

The infinite series obtained by simply extending the outer summation to ∞ Template:Harv:

Lis(z)=k=0(z1z)k+1j=0k(1)j+1(kj)(j+1)s,

turns out to converge to the polylogarithm for all complex s and for complex z with Re(z) < 12, as can be verified for |z(1−z)| < 12 by reversing the order of summation and using:

k=j(kj)(z1z)k+1=[(z1z)11]j1=(z)j+1.

For the other arguments with Re(z) < 12 the result follows by analytic continuation. This procedure is equivalent to applying Euler's transformation to the series in z that defines the polylogarithm.

Asymptotic expansions

For |z| ≫ 1, the polylogarithm can be expanded into asymptotic series in terms of ln(−z):

Lis(z)=±iπΓ(s)[ln(z)±iπ]s1k=0(1)k(2π)2kB2k(2k)![ln(z)±iπ]s2kΓ(s+12k),
Lis(z)=k=0(1)k(1212k)(2π)2kB2k(2k)![ln(z)]s2kΓ(s+12k),

where B2k are the Bernoulli numbers. Both versions hold for all s and for any arg(z). As usual, the summation should be terminated when the terms start growing in magnitude. For negative integer s, the expansions vanish entirely; for non-negative integer s, they break off after a finite number of terms. Template:Harvtxt describes a method for obtaining these series from the Bose–Einstein integral representation (note that his equation 11.2 for Lis(eµ) requires −2π < Im(µ) ≤ 0).

Limiting behavior

The following limits result from the various representations of the polylogarithm Template:Harv:

lim|z|0Lis(z)=z
lim|μ|0Lis(eμ)=Γ(1s)(μ)s1(Re(s)<1)
limRe(μ)Lis(eμ)=μsΓ(s+1)(s1,2,3,)
limRe(μ)Lin(eμ)=(1)neμ(n=1,2,3,)
limRe(s)Lis(z)=z
limRe(s)Lis(eμ)=Γ(1s)(μ)s1(π<Im(μ)<π)
limRe(s)Lis(eμ)=Γ(1s)[(μiπ)s1+(μ+iπ)s1](Im(μ)=0)

Note that Wood's first limit for Re(µ) → ∞ has been corrected in accordance with his equation 11.3. The limit for Re(s) → −∞ follows from the general relation of the polylogarithm with the Hurwitz zeta function (see above).

Dilogarithm

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. The dilogarithm is just the polylogarithm of order s = 2. An alternate integral expression of the dilogarithm for arbitrary complex argument z is Template:Harv:

Li2(z)=0zln(1t)tdt=01ln(1zt)tdt.

A source of confusion is that some computer algebra systems define the dilogarithm as dilog(z) = Li2(1−z).

In the case of real z ≥ 1 the first integral expression for the dilogarithm can be written as

Li2(z)=π261zln(t1)tdtiπlnz

from which expanding ln(t−1) and integrating term by term we obtain

Li2(z)=π2312(lnz)2k=11k2zkiπlnz(z1).

The Abel identity for the dilogarithm is given by Template:Harv

Li2(x1y)+Li2(y1x)Li2(xy(1x)(1y))=Li2(x)+Li2(y)+ln(1x)ln(1y)
(Re(x)12Re(y)12Im(x)>0Im(y)>0Im(x)<0Im(y)<0).

This is immediately seen to hold for either x = 0 or y = 0, and for general arguments is then easily verified by differentiation ∂/∂x ∂/∂y. For y = 1−x the identity reduces to Euler's reflection formula

Li2(x)+Li2(1x)=16π2ln(x)ln(1x),

where Li2(1) = ζ(2) = 16 π2 has been used and x may take any complex value.

In terms of the new variables u = x/(1−y), v = y/(1−x) the Abel identity reads

Li2(u)+Li2(v)Li2(uv)=Li2(uuv1uv)+Li2(vuv1uv)+ln(1u1uv)ln(1v1uv),

which corresponds to the pentagon identity given in Template:Harv.

From the Abel identity for x = y = 1−z and the square relationship we have Landen's identity

Li2(1z)+Li2(11z)=12(lnz)2(z∉];0]),

and applying the reflection formula to each dilogarithm we find the inversion formula

Li2(z)+Li2(1/z)=16π212[ln(z)]2(z∉[0;1[),

and for real z ≥ 1 also

Li2(z)+Li2(1/z)=13π212(lnz)2iπlnz.

Known closed-form evaluations of the dilogarithm at special arguments are collected in the table below. Arguments in the first column are related by reflection x ↔ 1−x or inversion x1x to either x = 0 or x = −1; arguments in the third column are all interrelated by these operations.

Historical note: Template:Harvtxt discusses the 17th to 19th century references. The reflection formula was already published by Landen in 1760, prior to its appearance in a 1768 book by Euler Template:Harv; an equivalent to Abel's identity was already published by Spence in 1809, before Abel wrote his manuscript in 1826 Template:Harv. The designation bilogarithmische Function was introduced by Carl Johan Danielsson Hill (professor in Lund, Sweden) in 1828 Template:Harv. Template:Harvs has remarked that the dilogarithm is the only mathematical function possessing a sense of humor.

Special values of the dilogarithm
x Li2(x) x Li2(x)
1 112π2 ϕ 110π2ln2ϕ
0 0 1/ϕ 115π2+12ln2ϕ
12 112π212ln22 1/ϕ2 115π2ln2ϕ
1 16π2 1/ϕ 110π2ln2ϕ
2 14π2πiln2 ϕ 1115π2+12ln2(1/ϕ)
ϕ2 1115π2ln2(ϕ)
Here ϕ=12(5+1) denotes the golden ratio.

Polylogarithm ladders

Leonard Lewin discovered a remarkable and broad generalization of a number of classical relationships on the polylogarithm for special values. These are now called polylogarithm ladders. Define ρ=12(51) as the reciprocal of the golden ratio. Then two simple examples of dilogarithm ladders are

Li2(ρ6)=4Li2(ρ3)+3Li2(ρ2)6Li2(ρ)+730π2

given by Template:Harvs and

Li2(ρ)=110π2ln2ρ

given by Landen. Polylogarithm ladders occur naturally and deeply in K-theory and algebraic geometry. Polylogarithm ladders provide the basis for the rapid computations of various mathematical constants by means of the BBP algorithm Template:Harv.

Monodromy

The polylogarithm has two branch points; one at z = 1 and another at z = 0. The second branch point, at z = 0, is not visible on the main sheet of the polylogarithm; it becomes visible only when the function is analytically continued to its other sheets. The monodromy group for the polylogarithm consists of the homotopy classes of loops that wind around the two branch points. Denoting these two by m0 and m1, the monodromy group has the group presentation

m0,m1|w=m0m1m01m11,wm1=m1w.

For the special case of the dilogarithm, one also has that wm0 = m0w, and the monodromy group becomes the Heisenberg group (identifying m0, m1 and w with x, y, z) Template:Harv.

References

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    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

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    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

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    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

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    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

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    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

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    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • Template:Cite arxiv
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 (this is a reprint of the McGraw–Hill original of 1953.)
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • Template:Cite web
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • Template:Cite arxiv
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 (see § 1.2, "The generalized zeta function, Bernoulli polynomials, Euler polynomials, and polylogarithms", p. 23.)
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 (this edition has been reprinted many times, a 1996 paperback has ISBN 0-521-09189-6.)
  • One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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  • 55 years old Systems Administrator Antony from Clarence Creek, really loves learning, PC Software and aerobics. Likes to travel and was inspired after making a journey to Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace.

    You can view that web-site... ccleaner free download (also appeared as "The remarkable dilogarithm" in Journal of Mathematical and Physical Sciences 22 (1988), pp. 131–145, and as Chapter I of Template:Harv.)
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
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  • 22 year-old Systems Analyst Rave from Merrickville-Wolford, has lots of hobbies and interests including quick cars, property developers in singapore and baking. Always loves visiting spots like Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro.

    Here is my web site - cottagehillchurch.com
  • Algorithms in Analytic Number Theory provides an arbitrary-precision, GMP-based, GPL-licensed implementation.