Adiabatic process and Amide: Difference between pages

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{{Thermodynamics|cTopic=[[Thermodynamic system|Systems]]}}
{{Distinguish|Imide}}
An '''adiabatic process''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|d|i|ə|ˈ|b|æ|t|ɪ|k}}; from the [[Greek language|Greek]] [[privative a|privative]] "a" + "diavaton") is a process that occurs without the transfer of [[heat]] or matter between a system and its surroundings.<ref>[[Constantin Carathéodory|Carathéodory, C.]] (1909). Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik, ''Mathematische Annalen'', '''67''': 355–386, {{doi|10.1007/BF01450409}}. A translation may be found [http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/3065888/caratheodory_-_thermodynamics.pdf here].  Also a mostly reliable [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=xwBRAAAAMAAJ&q=Investigation+into+the+foundations translation is to be found] at Kestin, J. (1976). ''The Second Law of Thermodynamics'', Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA.</ref><ref>Bailyn, M. (1994). ''A Survey of Thermodynamics'', American Institute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3, p. 21.</ref>  A key concept in [[thermodynamics]], adiabatic transfer provides a rigorous conceptual basis for the theory used to expound the [[first law of thermodynamics]]. It is also key in a practical sense, that many rapid chemical and physical processes are described using the adiabatic approximation; such processes are usually followed or preceded by events that do involve heat transfer.
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}
[[File:AmideTypes.png|thumb|320px|Structures of three kinds of amides: an organic amide, a sulfonamide, and a phosphoramide.]]
An '''amide''', also known as an [[Fatty_acid_amide|'-acid amide']], is a compound with the functional group R<sub>n</sub>E(O)<sub>x</sub>NR'<sub>2</sub> (R and R' refer to H or organic groups). Most common are "organic amides" (n = 1, E = C, x = 1), but many other important types of amides are known including phosphor amides (n = 2, E = P, x = 1 and many related formulas) and [[Sulfonamide (chemistry)|sulfonamide]]s (E = S, x= 2).<ref>{{goldbookref|file=A00266|title=amides}}</ref> The term amide refers both to ''classes of compounds'' and to the ''[[functional group]]'' (R<sub>n</sub>E(O)<sub>x</sub>NR'<sub>2</sub>) within those compounds.


Adiabatic processes are primarily and exactly defined for a system contained by walls that are completely thermally insulating and impermeable to matter; such walls are said to be [[Adiabatic enclosure|adiabatic]]. An '''adiabatic transfer''' is a transfer of energy as work across an adiabatic wall or sector of a boundary.
Amide can ''also'' refer to the [[conjugate base]] of [[ammonia]] (the anion H<sub>2</sub>N<sup>−</sup>) or of an organic [[amine]] (an anion R<sub>2</sub>N<sup>−</sup>). For discussion of these "[[anionic]] amides", see [[Metal amides#Alkali metal amides]].


Approximately, a transfer may be regarded as adiabatic if it happens in an extremely short time, so that there is no opportunity for significant heat exchange.<ref>http://buphy.bu.edu/~duffy/semester1/c27_process_adiabatic_sim.html</ref>
The remainder of this article is about the [[carbonyl]]-[[nitrogen]] sense of ''amide''.


The [[adiabatic flame temperature]] is a virtual quantity. It is the temperature that would be achieved by a [[fire|flame]] in the absence of heat loss to the surroundings.
==Structure and bonding==
The simplest amides are derivatives of ammonia wherein one hydrogen atom has been replaced by an [[acyl]] group. The ensemble is generally represented as RC(O)NH<sub>2</sub>. Closely related and even more numerous are amides derived from primary amines (R'NH<sub>2</sub>) with the formula RC(O)NHR'. Amides are also commonly derived from [[secondary amine]]s (R'R<nowiki>''</nowiki>NH) with the formula RC(O)NR'R<nowiki>''</nowiki>. Amide are usually regarded as derivatives of [[carboxylic acid]]s in which the [[hydroxyl]] group has been replaced by an amine or ammonia.
:[[Image:AmideResonance.png|300px|Amide resonance:]]
The lone pair of [[electron]]s on the [[nitrogen]] is delocalized into the carbonyl, thus forming a partial [[double bond]] between N and the [[carbonyl]] [[carbon]]. Consequently the nitrogen in amides is not pyramidal. It is estimated that acetamide is described by [[resonance structure]] A for 62% and by B for 28%<ref name = Kemnitz>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ja0663024|title="Amide Resonance" Correlates with a Breadth of C−N Rotation Barriers|year=2007|last1=Kemnitz|first1=Carl R.|last2=Loewen|first2=Mark J.|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=129|issue=9|pages=2521–8|pmid=17295481}}</ref>
<!--needs:
barrier from DMF, and a more general ref than this JACS rpt
comment on syn and anti secondary amides-->
[[Image:Formamide-MO-3D-balls.png|thumb|right|180px|Amides possess a [[conjugated system]] spread over the O, C and N atoms, consisting of [[molecular orbital]]s occupied by [[delocalized electron]]s. One of the [[pi bond|''π'' molecular orbitals]] in [[formamide]] is shown above.]]


==Etymology==
==Nomenclature==
{{Main|IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry#Amines and amides}}
In the usual nomenclature, one adds the term "amide" to the stem of the parent acid's name. For instance, the amide derived from [[acetic acid]] is named [[acetamide]] (CH<sub>3</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub>). IUPAC recommends [[ethanamide]], but this and related formal names are rarely encountered. When the amide is derived from a primary or secondary amine, the substitutents on nitrogen are indicated first in the name. Thus, the amide formed from [[dimethylamine]] and [[acetic acid]] is ''N,N''-dimethylacetamide (CH<sub>3</sub>CONMe<sub>2</sub>, where Me = CH<sub>3</sub>). Usually even this name is simplified to [[dimethylacetamide]]. Cyclic amides are called [[lactam]]s; they are necessarily secondary or tertiary amides. Functional groups consisting of -P(O)NR<sub>2</sub> and -SO<sub>2</sub>NR<sub>2</sub> are [[phosphonamides]] and [[sulfonamide (chemistry)|sulfonamide]]s, respectively.<ref>Organic Chemistry IUPAC Gnomenclature. Rules C-821. Amides http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_540.htm</ref>


The term ''adiabatic'' literally means 'not to be passed'. It is formed from the [[privative a|privative]] "α" ("not") + ''διαβατός'', "able to be passed through", in turn deriving from  ''διὰ-'' ("through"), and ''βαῖνειν'' ("to pass"), thus ''ἀδιάβατος ''.<ref>Liddell, H.G., Scott, R. (1940). ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', Clarendon Press, Oxford UK.</ref> According to [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell]], the term was introduced by [[William John Macquorn Rankine|Rankine]].<ref>
===Pronunciation===
{{Citation
Some chemists make a pronunciation distinction between the two, saying {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|m|iː|d}} for the [[carbonyl]]-[[nitrogen]] compound and {{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-amide.ogg|ˈ|æ|m|aɪ|d}} {{contradict-inline|date=August 2012}} for the [[anion]]. Others substitute one of these with {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|ɨ|d}}, while still others pronounce both {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|ɨ|d}}, making them [[homonym]]s.
| last = Maxwell
| first = J.C.
| author-link = James Clerk Maxwell
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| other =
| title = Theory of Heat
| place = London
| publisher = [[Longman|Longmans, Green and Co.]]
| series =
| volume =
| origyear =
| year = 1871
| month=
| edition = first
| page = 129
| language =
| url = http://archive.org/details/theoryheat04maxwgoog
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn =
}}</ref><ref>Rankine, W.J.McQ. (1866). On the theory of explosive gas engines, ''The Engineeer'', July 27, 1866; at page 467 of the reprint in ''[https://archive.org/details/miscellaneoussci00rank Miscellaneous Scientific Papers]'', edited by W.J. Millar, 1881, Charles Griffin, London.</ref>


The etymological origin corresponds here to an impossibility of [[Heat|transfer of energy as heat]] and of transfer of matter across the wall.
==Properties==


==Description==
===Basicity===
Compared to [[amine]]s, amides are very weak [[Base (chemistry)|base]]s. While the [[conjugate acid]] of an [[amine]] has a [[pKa]] of about 9.5, the [[conjugate acid]] of an amide has a pKa around −0.5. Therefore amides don't have as clearly noticeable [[acid-base]] properties in [[water]]. This relative lack of basicity is explained by the [[electron]]-withdrawing nature of the [[carbonyl group]] where the lone pair of [[electron]]s on the [[nitrogen]] is delocalized by [[resonance (chemistry)|resonance]]. On the other hand, amides are much stronger [[Base (chemistry)|base]]s than [[carboxylic acid]]s, [[ester]]s, [[aldehyde]]s, and [[ketone]]s (conjugated acid pKa between −6 and −10). It is estimated [[in silico]] that [[acetamide]] is represented by [[resonance structure]] A for 62% and by B for 28%.<ref name = Kemnitz/> Resonance is largely prevented in the very strained [[quinuclidone]].


An adiabatic transfer of energy as work may be described by the notation {{math|''Q'' {{=}} 0}} where {{math|''Q''}} is the quantity of energy transferred as heat across the adiabatic boundary or wall.
Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen, the carbonyl (C=O) is a stronger dipole than the N–C dipole. The presence of a C=O dipole and, to a lesser extent a N–C dipole, allows amides to act as H-bond acceptors. In primary and secondary amides, the presence of N–H dipoles allows amides to function as H-bond donors as well. Thus amides can participate in hydrogen bonding with water and other protic solvents; the oxygen atom can accept hydrogen bonds from water and the N–H hydrogen atoms can donate H-bonds. As a result of interactions such as these, the water solubility of amides is greater than that of corresponding hydrocarbons.


An ideal or fictive adiabatic transfer of energy as work that occurs without friction or viscous dissipation within the system is said to be [[Isentropic process|isentropic]], with {{math|Δ''S'' {{=}} 0}}.
The proton of a primary or secondary amide does not dissociate readily under normal conditions; its p''K<sub>a</sub>'' is usually well above 15. Conversely, under extremely acidic conditions, the carbonyl [[oxygen]] can become protonated with a p''K<sub>a</sub>'' of roughly −1.


For a natural process of transfer of energy as heat, driven by a finite temperature difference, entropy is both transferred with the heat and generated within the system. Such a process is in general neither adiabatic nor isentropic, having {{math|''Q'' ≠ 0}} and {{math|Δ''S'' ≠ 0}}.
===Solubility===
The solubilities of amides and esters are roughly comparable. Typically amides are less soluble than comparable amines and carboxylic acids since these compounds can both donate and accept hydrogen bonds. Tertiary amides, with the important exception of N,N-dimethylformamide, exhibit low solubility in water.


For a general fictive quasi-static transfer of energy as heat, driven by an ideally infinitesimal temperature difference, the [[second law of thermodynamics]] provides that {{math|δ''Q'' {{=}} ''T'' d<sub>e</sub>''S''}}, where {{math|δ''Q''}} denotes an infinitesimal element of transfer of energy as heat into the system from its surroundings, {{math|''T''}} denotes the practically common temperature of system and surroundings at which the transfer takes place, and {{math|d<sub>e</sub>''S''}} denotes the infinitesimal element of entropy transferred into the system from the surroundings with the heat transfer. For an adiabatic fictive quasi-static process, {{math|δ''Q'' {{=}} 0}} and {{math|d<sub>e</sub>''S'' {{=}} 0}}.
==Characterization==
The presence of the functional group is generally easily established, at least in small molecules. They are the most common non-basic functional group. They can be distinguished from nitro and cyano groups by their [[IR spectroscopy|IR spectra]]. Amides exhibit a moderately intense ν<sub>CO</sub> band near 1650&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup>. By <sup>1</sup>H [[NMR spectroscopy]], CON''H''R signals occur at low fields. In X-ray crystallography, the C(O)N center together with the three immediately adjacent atoms characteristically define a plane.


For a natural process of transfer of energy as heat, driven by a finite temperature difference, there is generation of entropy within the system, in addition to entropy that is transferred into the system from the surroundings. If the process is fairly slow, so that it can be described near enough by differentials, the second law of thermodynamics observes that {{math|δ''Q'' < ''T'' d''S''}}. Here {{math|''T''}} denotes the temperature of the system to which heat is transferred. Entropy {{math|d<sub>i</sub>''S''}} is thereby generated internally within the system, in addition to the entropy {{math|d<sub>e</sub>''S''}} transferred with the heat. Thus the total entropy increment within the system is given by {{math|d''S'' {{=}} d<sub>i</sub>''S'' + d<sub>e</sub>''S''}}.<ref>Kondepudi, D., [[Ilya Prigogine|Prigogine, I.]] (1998). ''Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures'', John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, ISBN 0–471–97393–9, p. 88.</ref>
==Applications and occurrence==
Amides are pervasive in nature and technology as structural materials. The amide linkage is easily formed, confers structural rigidity, and resists [[hydrolysis]]. Nylons are polyamides, as are the very resilient materials [[Aramid]], [[Twaron]], and [[Kevlar]]. Amide linkages constitute a defining molecular feature of [[protein]]s, the [[secondary structure]] of which is due in part to the [[hydrogen bonding]] abilities of amides. Amide linkages in a [[biochemistry|biochemical]] context are called [[peptide bond]]s when they occur in the main chain of a protein and [[isopeptide bond]]s when they occur to a side-chain of the protein. Proteins can have structural roles, such as in [[hair]] or [[spider silk]], but also nearly all [[enzyme]]s are proteins. Low molecular weight amides, such as [[dimethylformamide]] (HC(O)N(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>), are common solvents. Many drugs are amides, including [[penicillin]] and [[LSD]]. Moreover, plant N-alkylamides have a wide range of biological functionalities.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.038|title=Alkamid database: Chemistry, occurrence and functionality of plant N-alkylamides|year=2012|last1=Boonen|first1=Jente|last2=Bronselaer|first2=Antoon|last3=Nielandt|first3=Joachim|last4=Veryser|first4=Lieselotte|last5=De Tré|first5=Guy|last6=De Spiegeleer|first6=Bart|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=142|issue=3|pages=563–90|pmid=22659196}}</ref>


A natural adiabatic process is irreversible and is not isentropic. Adiabatic transfer of energy as work can be analyzed into two extreme component kinds. One extreme kind is without friction or viscous dissipation within the system, and this is usually pressure-volume work, denoted customarily by {{math|''P'' d''V''}}. This is an ideal case that does not exactly occur in nature. It may be regarded as "reversible". The other extreme kind is isochoric work, for which {{math|d''V'' {{=}} 0}}, solely through friction or viscous dissipation within the system. Isochoric work is irreversible.<ref>Münster, A. (1970), ''Classical Thermodynamics'', translated by E.S. Halberstadt, Wiley–Interscience, London, ISBN 0-471-62430-6, p. 45.</ref> The second law of thermodynamics observes that a natural process of transfer of energy as work, exactly considered, always consists at least of isochoric work and often of both of these extreme kinds of work. Every natural process, exactly considered, is irreversible, however slight may be the friction or viscosity.
==Amide synthesis==<!-- This section is linked from [[Organic reaction]] -->
Amides are commonly formed via reactions of a [[carboxylic acid]] with an [[amine]]. Many methods are known for driving the unfavorable equilibrium to the right:
:RCO<sub>2</sub>H + R'R"NH <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math> RC(O)NR'R" + H<sub>2</sub>O
For the most part, these reactions involve "activating" the carboxylic acid and the best known method, the [[Schotten-Baumann reaction]], which involves conversion of the acid to the [[acid chloride]]s:
:[[Image:SimpleAmideFormationByCondensation.png|400px|Amide bond formation]]
<!--to include: *In [[solid phase peptide synthesis]]-->


==Adiabatic heating and cooling==<!-- This section is linked from [[Water]] -->
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background-color:white;float: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0em 1em;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
Adiabatic changes in temperature occur due to changes in [[pressure]] of a [[gas]] while not adding or subtracting any [[heat]]. In contrast, [[free expansion]] is an [[isothermal]] process for an ideal gas.


'''Adiabatic heat''' occurs when the pressure of a gas is increased from work done on it by its surroundings, e.g., a [[piston]] compressing a gas contained within an adiabatic cylinder. This finds practical application in [[Diesel engines]] which rely on the lack of quick heat dissipation during their compression stroke to elevate the fuel vapor temperature sufficiently to ignite it.
! width=200px|Reaction name !! Substrate !! class="unsortable" | Details
|-
|valign=top | [[Beckmann rearrangement]]
|valign=top|cyclic ketone
| reagent: [[hydroxylamine]] and acid
|-
|valign=top| [[Schmidt reaction]]
|valign=top|ketones
| reagent: hydrazoic acid
|-
|valign=top| nitrile hydrolysis
|valign=top|nitrile
|reagent: water; acid catalyst
|-
| [[Willgerodt-Kindler reaction]]
| aryl alkyl ketones
| sulfur and morpholine
|-
|[[Passerini reaction]]
|carboxylic acid, ketone or aldehyde
|
|-
|[[Ugi reaction]]
| isocyanide, carboxylic acid, ketone, primary amine
|
|-
|'''Bodroux reaction'''<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bodroux F.|journal=Bull. Soc. Chim. France|year= 1905|volume= 33|pages= 831}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bodroux reaction |publisher= Institute of Chemistry, Skopje, Macedonia|url=http://www.pmf.ukim.edu.mk/PMF/Chemistry/reactions/bodroux1.htm}}</ref>
|[[carboxylic acid]], [[Grignard reagent]] with an [[aniline]] derivative ArNHR'
| [[Image:Bodroux reaction.png|400px|Bodroux reaction]]
|-
|'''Chapman rearrangement'''<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schulenberg, J. W.; Archer, S. |title=The Chapman Rearrangement|journal=[[Organic Reactions|Org. React.]]|year=1965|volume=14|doi=10.1002/0471264180.or014.01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1039/CT9252701992|title=CCLXIX.—Imino-aryl ethers. Part III. The molecular rearrangement of ''N''-phenylbenziminophenyl ether |year=1925|last1=Chapman|first1=Arthur William|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions|volume=127|pages=1992}}</ref>
|aryl [[imidate|imino ether]]
|for ''N,N''-diaryl amides. The [[reaction mechanism]] is based on a [[nucleophilic aromatic substitution]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Advanced organic Chemistry, Reactions, mechanisms and structure|edition= 3rd |author=March, Jerry |isbn= 0-471-85472-7}}</ref> [[Image:Chapman Rearrangement.png|Left|300px|Chapman Rearrangement]]
|-
| '''[[List of organic reactions|Leuckart amide synthesis]]''' <ref>{{Cite journal|author= [[Rudolf Leuckart (chemist)|Leuckart, R. ]] |journal=[[Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft]]|doi=10.1002/cber.188501801182|title= Ueber einige Reaktionen der aromatischen Cyanate|year= 1885|volume= 18|pages= 873–877}}</ref>
| [[isocyanate]]
| Reaction of arene with isocyanate catalysed by [[aluminium trichloride]], formation of aromatic amide.
|-
|}


Adiabatic heating also occurs in the [[Earth's atmosphere]] when an [[air mass]] descends, for example, in a [[katabatic wind]] or [[Foehn wind|Foehn]] or [[chinook wind|chinook]] wind flowing downhill over a mountain range. When a parcel of air descends, the pressure on the parcel increases. Due to this increase in pressure, the parcel's volume decreases and its temperature increases, thus increasing the internal energy.
===Other methods===
The seemingly simple direct reaction between an [[alcohol]] and an [[amine]] to an amide was not tried until 2007 when a special [[ruthenium]]-based [[catalyst]] was reported to be effective in a so-called dehydrogenative acylation:<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.1145295|title=Direct Synthesis of Amides from Alcohols and Amines with Liberation of H<sub>2</sub>|year=2007|last1=Gunanathan|first1=C.|last2=Ben-David|first2=Y.|last3=Milstein|first3=D.|journal=Science|volume=317|issue=5839|pages=790–2|pmid=17690291}}</ref>
:[[Image:DehydrogenativeAmidation.svg|500px|Synthesis of Amides from Alcohols and Amines with Liberation of H2]]


'''Adiabatic cooling''' occurs when the pressure of a substance is decreased as it does work on its surroundings. Adiabatic cooling occurs in the [[Earth's atmosphere]] with [[orographic lifting]] and [[lee waves]], and this can form [[Pileus (meteorology)|pileus]] or [[lenticular cloud]]s if the air is cooled below the [[dew point]]. When the pressure applied on a parcel of air decreases, the air in the parcel is allowed to expand; as the volume increases, the temperature falls and internal energy decreases.
The generation of hydrogen gas compensates for unfavorable thermodynamics. The reaction is believed to proceed by one dehydrogenation of the alcohol to the [[aldehyde]] followed by formation of a [[hemiaminal]] and the after a second dehydrogenation to the amide. Elimination of water in the hemiaminal to the imine is not observed.


Adiabatic cooling does not have to involve a fluid. One technique used to reach very low temperatures (thousandths and even millionths of a degree above absolute zero) is [[adiabatic demagnetization|adiabatic demagnetisation]], where the change in [[magnetic field]] on a magnetic material is used to provide adiabatic cooling. Also, the contents of an [[expanding universe]] (to first order) can be described as an adiabatically cooling fluid. ''(See - [[Heat death of the universe]])''
Amides can also be formed from esters. Esters react slowly with amines to yield amides.<ref>{{cite book|last=Klein|first=David|title=Organic Chemistry|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=The United States of America|isbn=0471756148|pages=1003|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SsX9pbarkQkC&pg=PA1006&dq=organic+chemistry+david+%22970-1029hr.indd%22#v=onepage&q=organic%20chemistry%20david%20%22970-1029hr.indd%22&f=false}}</ref>


Rising magma also undergoes adiabatic cooling before eruption, particularly significant in the case of magmas that rise quickly from great depths such as [[kimberlite]]s.<ref name="Kavanagh">{{cite journal|last=Kavanagh|first=J.L.|author2=Sparks R.S.J.|year=2009|title=Temperature changes in ascending kimberlite magmas|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|volume=286|issue=3&ndash;4|pages=404&ndash;413|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.011|url=http://monash.academia.edu/JanineKavanagh/Papers/114092/Temperature_changes_in_ascending_kimberlite_magma|accessdate=18 February 2012|bibcode = 2009E&PSL.286..404K }}</ref>
== Amide reactions ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Organic reaction]] -->
Amides undergo many chemical reactions, usually through an attack on the [[carbonyl]] breaking the carbonyl double bond and forming a tetrahedral intermediate. [[Thiols]], [[hydroxyl]]s and [[amines]] are all known to serve as nucleophiles. Owing to their resonance stabilization, amides are less reactive under physiological conditions than [[ester]]s. Enzymes, e.g. [[peptidase]]s or artificial catalysts, are known to accelerate the hydrolysis reactions. They can be hydrolysed in hot [[alkali]], as well as in strong [[acid]]ic conditions. Acidic conditions yield the carboxylic acid and the ammonium ion while basic hydrolysis yield the carboxylate ion and ammonia. Amides are also versatile precursors to many other [[functional group]]s.


Such temperature changes can be quantified using the [[ideal gas law]], or the [[hydrostatic equation]] for atmospheric processes.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background-color:white;float: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0em 1em;" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"


In practice, no process is truly adiabatic. Many processes rely on a large difference in time scales of the process of interest and the rate of heat dissipation across a system boundary, and thus are approximated by using an adiabatic assumption. There is always some heat loss, as no perfect insulators exist.
! width=200px|Reaction name !! Product !! class="unsortable" | Comment
 
|-
==Ideal gas (reversible process)==
|valign=top | dehydration
{{main|Reversible adiabatic process}}
|valign=top|nitrile
 
| reagent: phosphorus pentoxide
[[Image:Adiabatic.svg|thumb|341px|For a simple substance, during an adiabatic process in which the volume increases, the [[internal energy]] of the working substance must decrease]]
|-
The mathematical equation for an [[ideal gas]] undergoing a reversible (i.e., no entropy generation) adiabatic process is
|valign=top| [[Hofmann rearrangement]]
: <math> P V^{\gamma} = \operatorname{constant} \qquad </math>
|valign=top|amine with one fewer carbon atoms
where ''P'' is pressure, ''V'' is volume, and
|reagents: bromine and sodium hydroxide
: <math> \gamma = {C_{P} \over C_{V}} = \frac{f + 2}{f}, </math>
|-
<math> C_{P} </math> being the [[specific heat]] for constant pressure,
|valign=top| [[amide reduction]]
<math> C_{V} </math> being the specific heat for constant volume, <math> \gamma </math> is the [[adiabatic index]], and <math> f </math> is the number of [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]] (3 for monatomic gas, 5 for diatomic gas and collinear molecules e.g. carbon dioxide).
|valign=top| amine
 
|reagent: [[lithium aluminium hydride]]
For a monatomic ideal gas, <math> \gamma = 5/3 \,</math>, and for a diatomic gas (such as [[nitrogen]] and [[oxygen]], the main components of [[Earth's atmosphere|air]]) <math> \gamma = 7/5 \,</math>.<ref>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/adiab.html Adiabatic Processes]</ref> Note that the above formula is  only applicable to classical ideal gases and not [[Bose–Einstein condensate|Bose–Einstein]] or [[Fermionic condensate|Fermi gases]].
|-
 
|[[Vilsmeier–Haack reaction]]
For reversible adiabatic processes, it is also true that
|[[imine]]
 
| POCl<sub>3</sub>, aromatic substrate, formamide
: <math> P^{1-\gamma}T^{\gamma}= \operatorname{constant}</math>
|-
 
|}
: <math> VT^{f/2} = \operatorname{constant} </math>
 
where ''T'' is an absolute temperature.
 
This can also be written as
 
: <math> TV^{\gamma - 1} = \operatorname{constant} </math>
 
===Example of adiabatic compression===
Let's now look at a common example of adiabatic compression- the compression stroke in a [[gasoline engine]].  We will make a few simplifying assumptions: that the uncompressed volume of the cylinder is 1000 cm3 (one liter), that the gas within is nearly pure nitrogen (thus a diatomic gas with five degrees of freedom and so <math>\gamma </math> = 7/5), and that the compression ratio of the engine is 10:1 (that is, the 1000 cm3 volume of uncompressed gas will compress down to 100 cm3 when the piston goes from bottom to top).  The uncompressed gas is at approximately room temperature and pressure (a warm room temperature of ~27 ºC or 300 K, and a pressure of 1 bar ~ 100 kPa, or about 14.7 PSI, or typical sea-level atmospheric pressure).
 
<math> P V^{\gamma} = \operatorname{constant} = 100,000 \operatorname{pa} * 1000^{7/5} = 100 \times 10^3 * 15.8 \times 10^3 = 1.58 \times 10^9 </math>
 
so our adiabatic constant for this experiment is about 1.58 billion.
 
The gas is now compressed to a 100cc volume (we will assume this happens quickly enough that no heat can enter or leave the gas).  The new volume is 100 ccs, but the constant for this experiment is still 1.58 billion:
 
<math> P * V^{\gamma} = \operatorname{constant} = 1.58 \times 10^9 = P * 100^{7/5} </math>
 
so solving for P:
 
<math> P = 1.58 \times 10^9 / {100^{7/5}} = 1.58 \times 10^9 / 630.9 =  2.50 \times 10^6 \operatorname{ Pa} </math>
 
or about 362 PSI or 24.5 atm.  Note that this pressure increase is more than a simple 10:1 compression ratio would indicate; this is because the gas is not only compressed, but the work done to compress the gas has also heated the gas and the hotter gas will have a greater pressure even if the volume had not changed.
 
We can solve for the temperature of the compressed gas in the engine cylinder as well, using the ideal gas law.
Our initial conditions are 100,000 pa of pressure, 1000 cc volume, and 300 K of temperature, so our experimental constant is:
 
<math> {P V \over T} = \operatorname {constant} = {{10^5 * 10^3 } \over {300} } = 3.33 \times 10^5 </math>
 
We know the compressed gas has V = 100 cc and P = 2.50E6 pascals, so we can solve for temperature by simple algebra:
 
<math> {P V \over {\operatorname{constant}}} = T = {{2.50 \times 10^6 * 100} \over {3.33 \times 10^5}} = 751 </math>
 
That's a final temperature of 751 K, or 477 °C, or 892 °F, well above the ignition point of many fuels.  This is why a high compression engine requires fuels specially formulated to not self-ignite (which would cause [[engine knocking]] when operated under these conditions of temperature and pressure), or that a [[supercharger]] and [[inter cooler]] to provide a lower temperature at the same pressure would be advantageous.  A [[diesel engine]] operates under even more extreme conditions, with compression ratios of 20:1 or more being typical, in order to provide a very high gas temperature which ensures immediate ignition of injected fuel.
 
===Adiabatic free expansion of a gas===
{{See also|Free expansion}}
For an adiabatic free expansion of an ideal gas, the gas is contained in an insulated container and then allowed to expand in a vacuum. Because there is no external pressure for the gas to expand against, the work done by or on the system is zero. Since this process does not involve any heat transfer or work, the First Law of Thermodynamics then implies that the net internal energy change of the system is zero. For an ideal gas, the temperature remains constant because the internal energy only depends on temperature in that case. Since at constant temperature, the entropy is proportional to the volume, the entropy increases in this case, therefore this process is irreversible.
 
===Derivation of continuous formula for adiabatic heating and cooling===
The definition of an adiabatic process is that heat transfer to the system is zero, <math>\delta Q=0 </math>. Then, according to the [[first law of thermodynamics]],
 
:<math> \text{(1)} \qquad d U + \delta W = \delta Q = 0, </math>
 
where ''dU'' is the change in the internal energy of the system and ''δW'' is work done
''by'' the system.  Any work (''δW'') done must be done at the expense of internal energy ''U'', since no heat ''δQ'' is being supplied from the surroundings. Pressure-volume work ''δW'' done ''by'' the system is defined as
 
:<math> \text{(2)} \qquad \delta W = P \, dV. </math>
 
However, ''P'' does not remain constant during an adiabatic process but
instead changes along with ''V''.
 
It is desired to know how the values of ''dP'' and
''dV'' relate to each other as the adiabatic process proceeds.
For an ideal gas the internal energy is given by
 
:<math> \text{(3)} \qquad U = \alpha n R T, </math>
 
where <big><math>{\alpha}</math></big> is the number of [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]] divided by two, ''R'' is the [[universal gas constant]] and ''n'' is the number of moles in the system (a constant).
 
Differentiating Equation (3) and use of the [[ideal gas law]], <math>P V = n R T</math>, yields
 
:<math> \text{(4)} \qquad d U = \alpha n R \, dT
                  = \alpha \, d (P V)
                  = \alpha (P \, dV + V \, dP). </math>
 
Equation (4) is often expressed as <math> d U = n C_{V} \, d T </math>
because <math> C_{V} = \alpha R </math>.
 
Now substitute equations (2) and (4) into equation (1) to obtain
 
: <math> -P \, dV = \alpha P \, dV + \alpha V \, dP,</math>
 
factorize :<math> -P \, dV,</math>:
 
: <math> - (\alpha + 1) P \, dV = \alpha V \, dP,</math>
 
and divide both sides by ''PV'':
 
: <math> -(\alpha + 1) {d V \over V} = \alpha {d P \over P}. </math>
 
After integrating the left and right sides from <math>V_0</math> to V and from <math>P_0</math> to P and changing the sides respectively,
 
: <math> \ln \left( {P \over P_0} \right) = {-{\alpha + 1 \over \alpha}} \ln \left( {V \over V_0} \right). </math>
 
Exponentiate both sides, and substitute <math>{\alpha + 1 \over \alpha}</math> with <math>\gamma</math>, the [[heat capacity ratio]]
 
: <math> \left( {P \over P_0} \right) = \left( {V \over V_0} \right)^{-{\gamma}},  </math>
 
and eliminate the negative sign to obtain
 
: <math> \left( {P \over P_0} \right) = \left( {V_0 \over V} \right)^{\gamma}.  </math>
 
Therefore,
 
: <math> \left( {P \over P_0} \right) \left( {V \over V_0} \right)^{\gamma} = 1</math>
 
and
 
: <math> P_0 V_0^{\gamma} = P V^\gamma = \operatorname{constant}. </math>
 
===Derivation of discrete formula===
The change in internal energy of a system, measured from state 1 to state 2, is equal to
 
:<math> \text{(1)} \qquad \Delta U = \alpha R nT_2 - \alpha R nT_1 = \alpha Rn \Delta T </math>
 
At the same time, the work done by the pressure-volume changes as a result from this process, is equal to
 
:<math> \text{(2)} \qquad W = \int_{V_1}^{V_2}P\, dV </math>
 
Since we require the process to be adiabatic, the following equation needs to be true
 
:<math> \text{(3)} \qquad \Delta U + W = 0 </math>
 
By the previous derivation,
 
:<math> \text{(4)} \qquad P V^\gamma = \text{constant} = P_1 V_1^\gamma </math>
 
Rearranging (4) gives
 
:<math> P = P_1 \left(\frac{V_1}{V} \right)^\gamma </math>
 
Substituting this into (2) gives
 
:<math> W = \int_{V_1}^{V_2}P_1 \left(\frac{V_1}{V} \right)^\gamma\, dV </math>
 
Integrating,
 
:<math> W = P_1 V_1^\gamma \frac{V_2^{1-\gamma}-V_1^{1-\gamma}}{1-\gamma} </math>
 
Substituting <math> \gamma = \frac{\alpha+1}{\alpha} </math>,
 
:<math> W = - \alpha P_1 V_1^{\gamma} \left( V_2^{1-\gamma} - V_1^{1-\gamma} \right) </math>
 
Rearranging,
 
:<math> W = - \alpha P_1 V_1 \left( \left( \frac{V_2}{V_1} \right)^{1-\gamma} - 1 \right) </math>
 
Using the ideal gas law and assuming a constant molar quantity (as often happens in practical cases),
 
:<math> W = - \alpha n R T_1 \left( \left( \frac{V_2}{V_1} \right)^{1-\gamma} - 1 \right) </math>
 
By the continuous formula,
 
:<math> \frac{P_2}{P_1}=\left(\frac{V_2}{V_1}\right)^{-\gamma} </math>
 
Or,
 
:<math> \left(\frac{P_2}{P_1}\right)^{-1 \over \gamma}=\frac{V_2}{V_1} </math>
 
Substituting into the previous expression for <math> W </math>,
 
:<math> W = - \alpha n R T_1 \left( \left( \frac{P_2}{P_1} \right)^{\frac{\gamma-1}{\gamma}} - 1 \right) </math>
 
Substituting this expression and (1) in (3) gives
 
:<math> \alpha n R (T_2 - T_1) = \alpha n R T_1 \left( \left( \frac{P_2}{P_1} \right)^{\frac{\gamma-1}{\gamma}} - 1 \right) </math>
 
Simplifying,
 
:<math> T_2 - T_1 =  T_1 \left( \left( \frac{P_2}{P_1} \right)^{\frac{\gamma-1}{\gamma}} - 1 \right) </math>
 
Simplifying,
 
:<math> \frac{T_2}{T_1}-1 =  \left( \frac{P_2}{P_1} \right)^{\frac{\gamma-1}{\gamma}} - 1 </math>
 
Simplifying,
 
:<math> T_2 = T_1 \left( \frac{P_2}{P_1} \right)^{\frac{\gamma-1}{\gamma}} </math>
 
==Graphing adiabats==
An adiabat is a curve of constant [[entropy]] on the P-V diagram. Properties of adiabats on a P-V diagram are:
# Every adiabat [[Asymptote|asymptotically approaches]] both the V axis and the P axis (just like [[isotherms]]).
# Each adiabat intersects each isotherm exactly once.
# An adiabat looks similar to an isotherm, except that during an expansion, an adiabat loses more pressure than an isotherm, so it has a steeper inclination (more vertical).
# If isotherms are concave towards the "north-east" direction (45 °), then adiabats are concave towards the "east north-east" (31 °).
# If adiabats and isotherms are graphed severally at regular changes of entropy and temperature, respectively (like altitude on a contour map), then as the eye moves towards the axes (towards the south-west), it sees the density of isotherms stay constant, but it sees the density of adiabats grow.  The exception is very near absolute zero, where the density of adiabats drops sharply and they become rare (see [[Nernst's theorem]]).
 
The following diagram is a P-V diagram with a superposition of adiabats and isotherms:
 
[[Image:Entropyandtemp.PNG]]
 
The isotherms are the red curves and the adiabats are the black curves.
 
The adiabats are isentropic.
 
Volume is the horizontal axis and pressure is the vertical axis.


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Cyclic process]]
* [[Metal amides]]
* [[First law of thermodynamics]]
* [[Heat burst]]
* [[Isobaric process]]
* [[Isenthalpic process]]
* [[Isentropic process]]
* [[Isochoric process]]
* [[Isothermal process]]
* [[Polytropic process]]
* [[Entropy (classical thermodynamics)]]
* [[Quasistatic equilibrium]]
* [[Total air temperature]]
* [[Adiabatic engine]]
* [[Magnetic refrigeration]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book |first=Robert J. |last=Silbey |last2=''et al.'' |year=2004 |title=Physical chemistry |location=Hoboken |publisher=Wiley |page=55 |isbn=978-0-471-21504-2 }}
* Broholm, Collin. "Adiabatic free expansion." Physics & Astronomy @ Johns Hopkins University. N.p., 26 Nov. 1997. Web. 14 Apr. *Nave, Carl Rod. "Adiabatic Processes." HyperPhysics. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2011. [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/adiab.html].
* Thorngren, Dr. Jane R.. "Adiabatic Processes." Daphne – A Palomar College Web Server. N.p., 21 July 1995. Web. 14 Apr. 2011. [http://daphne.palomar.edu/jthorngren/adiabatic_processes.htm].


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/adiab.html#c1: Article in HyperPhysics Encyclopaedia]
*[http://www.organic-reaction.com/synthetic-protocols/coupling-reagents-in-amide-synthesis/ Amide synthesis (coupling reaction) – Synthetic protocols] from organic-reaction.com
*[http://www.rsc.org/Chemsoc/Chembytes/IUPACGoldbook.asp IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Adiabatic Process}}
{{Functional Groups}}
[[Category:Thermodynamic processes]]
[[Category:Atmospheric thermodynamics]]


{{Link GA|ru}}
[[Category:Amides| ]]
[[Category:Functional groups]]

Revision as of 04:55, 10 January 2014

Template:Distinguish 30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí.

Structures of three kinds of amides: an organic amide, a sulfonamide, and a phosphoramide.

An amide, also known as an '-acid amide', is a compound with the functional group RnE(O)xNR'2 (R and R' refer to H or organic groups). Most common are "organic amides" (n = 1, E = C, x = 1), but many other important types of amides are known including phosphor amides (n = 2, E = P, x = 1 and many related formulas) and sulfonamides (E = S, x= 2).[1] The term amide refers both to classes of compounds and to the functional group (RnE(O)xNR'2) within those compounds.

Amide can also refer to the conjugate base of ammonia (the anion H2N−) or of an organic amine (an anion R2N−). For discussion of these "anionic amides", see Metal amides#Alkali metal amides.

The remainder of this article is about the carbonyl-nitrogen sense of amide.

Structure and bonding

The simplest amides are derivatives of ammonia wherein one hydrogen atom has been replaced by an acyl group. The ensemble is generally represented as RC(O)NH2. Closely related and even more numerous are amides derived from primary amines (R'NH2) with the formula RC(O)NHR'. Amides are also commonly derived from secondary amines (R'R''NH) with the formula RC(O)NR'R''. Amide are usually regarded as derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an amine or ammonia.

Amide resonance:

The lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen is delocalized into the carbonyl, thus forming a partial double bond between N and the carbonyl carbon. Consequently the nitrogen in amides is not pyramidal. It is estimated that acetamide is described by resonance structure A for 62% and by B for 28%[2]

Amides possess a conjugated system spread over the O, C and N atoms, consisting of molecular orbitals occupied by delocalized electrons. One of the π molecular orbitals in formamide is shown above.

Nomenclature

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. In the usual nomenclature, one adds the term "amide" to the stem of the parent acid's name. For instance, the amide derived from acetic acid is named acetamide (CH3CONH2). IUPAC recommends ethanamide, but this and related formal names are rarely encountered. When the amide is derived from a primary or secondary amine, the substitutents on nitrogen are indicated first in the name. Thus, the amide formed from dimethylamine and acetic acid is N,N-dimethylacetamide (CH3CONMe2, where Me = CH3). Usually even this name is simplified to dimethylacetamide. Cyclic amides are called lactams; they are necessarily secondary or tertiary amides. Functional groups consisting of -P(O)NR2 and -SO2NR2 are phosphonamides and sulfonamides, respectively.[3]

Pronunciation

Some chemists make a pronunciation distinction between the two, saying Template:IPAc-en for the carbonyl-nitrogen compound and Template:IPAc-en Template:Contradict-inline for the anion. Others substitute one of these with Template:IPAc-en, while still others pronounce both Template:IPAc-en, making them homonyms.

Properties

Basicity

Compared to amines, amides are very weak bases. While the conjugate acid of an amine has a pKa of about 9.5, the conjugate acid of an amide has a pKa around −0.5. Therefore amides don't have as clearly noticeable acid-base properties in water. This relative lack of basicity is explained by the electron-withdrawing nature of the carbonyl group where the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen is delocalized by resonance. On the other hand, amides are much stronger bases than carboxylic acids, esters, aldehydes, and ketones (conjugated acid pKa between −6 and −10). It is estimated in silico that acetamide is represented by resonance structure A for 62% and by B for 28%.[2] Resonance is largely prevented in the very strained quinuclidone.

Because of the greater electronegativity of oxygen, the carbonyl (C=O) is a stronger dipole than the N–C dipole. The presence of a C=O dipole and, to a lesser extent a N–C dipole, allows amides to act as H-bond acceptors. In primary and secondary amides, the presence of N–H dipoles allows amides to function as H-bond donors as well. Thus amides can participate in hydrogen bonding with water and other protic solvents; the oxygen atom can accept hydrogen bonds from water and the N–H hydrogen atoms can donate H-bonds. As a result of interactions such as these, the water solubility of amides is greater than that of corresponding hydrocarbons.

The proton of a primary or secondary amide does not dissociate readily under normal conditions; its pKa is usually well above 15. Conversely, under extremely acidic conditions, the carbonyl oxygen can become protonated with a pKa of roughly −1.

Solubility

The solubilities of amides and esters are roughly comparable. Typically amides are less soluble than comparable amines and carboxylic acids since these compounds can both donate and accept hydrogen bonds. Tertiary amides, with the important exception of N,N-dimethylformamide, exhibit low solubility in water.

Characterization

The presence of the functional group is generally easily established, at least in small molecules. They are the most common non-basic functional group. They can be distinguished from nitro and cyano groups by their IR spectra. Amides exhibit a moderately intense νCO band near 1650 cm−1. By 1H NMR spectroscopy, CONHR signals occur at low fields. In X-ray crystallography, the C(O)N center together with the three immediately adjacent atoms characteristically define a plane.

Applications and occurrence

Amides are pervasive in nature and technology as structural materials. The amide linkage is easily formed, confers structural rigidity, and resists hydrolysis. Nylons are polyamides, as are the very resilient materials Aramid, Twaron, and Kevlar. Amide linkages constitute a defining molecular feature of proteins, the secondary structure of which is due in part to the hydrogen bonding abilities of amides. Amide linkages in a biochemical context are called peptide bonds when they occur in the main chain of a protein and isopeptide bonds when they occur to a side-chain of the protein. Proteins can have structural roles, such as in hair or spider silk, but also nearly all enzymes are proteins. Low molecular weight amides, such as dimethylformamide (HC(O)N(CH3)2), are common solvents. Many drugs are amides, including penicillin and LSD. Moreover, plant N-alkylamides have a wide range of biological functionalities.[4]

Amide synthesis

Amides are commonly formed via reactions of a carboxylic acid with an amine. Many methods are known for driving the unfavorable equilibrium to the right:

RCO2H + R'R"NH RC(O)NR'R" + H2O

For the most part, these reactions involve "activating" the carboxylic acid and the best known method, the Schotten-Baumann reaction, which involves conversion of the acid to the acid chlorides:

Amide bond formation
Reaction name Substrate Details
Beckmann rearrangement cyclic ketone reagent: hydroxylamine and acid
Schmidt reaction ketones reagent: hydrazoic acid
nitrile hydrolysis nitrile reagent: water; acid catalyst
Willgerodt-Kindler reaction aryl alkyl ketones sulfur and morpholine
Passerini reaction carboxylic acid, ketone or aldehyde
Ugi reaction isocyanide, carboxylic acid, ketone, primary amine
Bodroux reaction[5][6] carboxylic acid, Grignard reagent with an aniline derivative ArNHR' Bodroux reaction
Chapman rearrangement[7][8] aryl imino ether for N,N-diaryl amides. The reaction mechanism is based on a nucleophilic aromatic substitution.[9] Chapman Rearrangement
Leuckart amide synthesis [10] isocyanate Reaction of arene with isocyanate catalysed by aluminium trichloride, formation of aromatic amide.

Other methods

The seemingly simple direct reaction between an alcohol and an amine to an amide was not tried until 2007 when a special ruthenium-based catalyst was reported to be effective in a so-called dehydrogenative acylation:[11]

Synthesis of Amides from Alcohols and Amines with Liberation of H2

The generation of hydrogen gas compensates for unfavorable thermodynamics. The reaction is believed to proceed by one dehydrogenation of the alcohol to the aldehyde followed by formation of a hemiaminal and the after a second dehydrogenation to the amide. Elimination of water in the hemiaminal to the imine is not observed.

Amides can also be formed from esters. Esters react slowly with amines to yield amides.[12]

Amide reactions

Amides undergo many chemical reactions, usually through an attack on the carbonyl breaking the carbonyl double bond and forming a tetrahedral intermediate. Thiols, hydroxyls and amines are all known to serve as nucleophiles. Owing to their resonance stabilization, amides are less reactive under physiological conditions than esters. Enzymes, e.g. peptidases or artificial catalysts, are known to accelerate the hydrolysis reactions. They can be hydrolysed in hot alkali, as well as in strong acidic conditions. Acidic conditions yield the carboxylic acid and the ammonium ion while basic hydrolysis yield the carboxylate ion and ammonia. Amides are also versatile precursors to many other functional groups.

Reaction name Product Comment
dehydration nitrile reagent: phosphorus pentoxide
Hofmann rearrangement amine with one fewer carbon atoms reagents: bromine and sodium hydroxide
amide reduction amine reagent: lithium aluminium hydride
Vilsmeier–Haack reaction imine POCl3, aromatic substrate, formamide

See also

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

Template:Functional Groups

  1. ↑ Template:Goldbookref
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  3. ↑ Organic Chemistry IUPAC Gnomenclature. Rules C-821. Amides http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_540.htm
  4. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  5. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  6. ↑ Template:Cite web
  7. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  8. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  9. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  10. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  11. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  12. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
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