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Template:Distinguish In mathematics, the Riesz–Markov–Kakutani representation theorem relates linear functionals on spaces of continuous functions on a locally compact space to measures. The theorem is named for Template:Harvs who introduced it for continuous functions on the unit interval, Template:Harvs who extended the result to some non-compact spaces, and Template:Harvs who extended the result to compact Hausdorff spaces.

There are many closely related variations of the theorem, as the linear functionals can be complex, real, or positive, the space they are defined on may be the unit interval or a compact space or a locally compact space, the continuous functions may be vanishing at infinity or have compact support, and the measures can be Baire measures or regular Borel measures or Radon measures or signed measures or complex measures.

The representation theorem for linear functionals on C_c(X)

The following theorem represents positive linear functionals on C_c(X), the space of continuous compactly supported complex-valued functions on a locally compact Hausdorff space X. The Borel sets in the following statement refer to the σ-algebra generated by the open sets.

A non-negative countably additive Borel measure μ on a locally compact Hausdorff space X is regular if and only if

• μ(K) < ∞ for every compact K;
• For every Borel set E,

$\mu (E)=\inf\{\mu (U):E\subseteq U,U{\mbox{ open}}\}$

• The relation

$\mu (E)=\sup\{\mu (K):K\subseteq E,K{\mbox{ compact}}\}$

holds whenever E is open or when E is Borel and μ(E) < ∞ .

Theorem. Let X be a locally compact Hausdorff space. For any positive linear functional ψ on C_c(X), there is a unique regular Borel measure μ on X such that

$\psi (f)=\int _{X}f(x)\,d\mu (x)\quad$

for all f in C_c(X).

One approach to measure theory is to start with a Radon measure, defined as a positive linear functional on C(X). This is the way adopted by Bourbaki; it does of course assume that X starts life as a topological space, rather than simply as a set. For locally compact spaces an integration theory is then recovered.

Without the condition of regularity the Borel measure need not be unique. For example, let X be the set of ordinals at most equal to the first uncountable ordinal Ω, with the topology generated by "open intervals". The linear functional taking a continuous function to its value at Ω corresponds to the regular Borel measure with a point mass at Ω. However it also corresponds to the (non-regular) Borel measure that assigns measure 1 to any measurable subset of the space of ordinals less than Ω that is closed and unbounded, and assigns measure 0 to other measurable subsets.

Historical remark: In its original form by F. Riesz (1909) the theorem states that every continuous linear functional A[f] over the space C([0, 1]) of continuous functions in the interval [0,1] can be represented in the form

$A[f]=\int _{0}^{1}f(x)\,d\alpha (x),$

where α(x) is a function of bounded variation on the interval [0, 1], and the integral is a Riemann–Stieltjes integral. Since there is a one-to-one correspondence between Borel regular measures in the interval and functions of bounded variation (that assigns to each function of bounded variation the corresponding Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure, and the integral with respect to the Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure agrees with the Riemann–Stieltjes integral for continuous functions ), the above stated theorem generalizes the original statement of F. Riesz. (See Gray(1984), for a historical discussion).

The representation theorem for the dual of C₀(X)

The following theorem, also referred to as the Riesz–Markov theorem, gives a concrete realisation of the dual space of C₀(X), the set of continuous functions on X which vanish at infinity. The Borel sets in the statement of the theorem also refers to the σ-algebra generated by the open sets.

If μ is a complex-valued countably additive Borel measure, μ is called regular if the non-negative countably additive measure |μ| is regular as defined above.

Theorem. Let X be a locally compact Hausdorff space. For any continuous linear functional ψ on C₀(X), there is a unique regular countably additive complex Borel measure μ on X such that

$\psi (f)=\int _{X}f(x)\,d\mu (x)\quad$

for all f in C₀(X). The norm of ψ as a linear functional is the total variation of μ, that is

$\|\psi \|=|\mu |(X).$

Finally, ψ is positive if and only if the measure μ is non-negative.

One can deduce this statement about linear functionals from the statement about positive linear functionals by first showing that a bounded linear functional can be written as a finite linear combination of positive ones.

References

• M. Fréchet (1907). Sur les ensembles de fonctions et les opérations linéaires. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 144, 1414–1416.
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• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
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• F. Riesz (1907). Sur une espèce de géométrie analytique des systèmes de fonctions sommables. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 144, 1409–1411.
• F. Riesz (1909). Sur les opérations fonctionnelles linéaires. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 149, 974–977.
• P. Halmos Measure Theory, D. van Nostrand and Co., 1950.
• Walter Rudin, Real and Complex Analysis, McGraw–Hill, 1966, ISBN 0-07-100276-6.