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Hostgator offers numerous different hosting packages, and deal with a broad array of customers. From the first time webmaster who needs simple, stress cost-free hosting for their personal website; all the way with to big corporations, who require specialist devoted hosting services.
Hostgator's hosting packages can be split into 3 teams; basic shared hosting plans (suitable for the huge bulk people), reseller hosting strategies (these are generally for people and companies that want to "resell" their account resources to consumers of their own), and lastly committed server strategies (these accounts give client their own server, so they don't have to share its resources with anyone else). Really few of us will every need a devoted server so this testimonial will focus on the shared hosting strategies that Hostgator offer.
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Hostgator's 3 major shared hosting plans are named: "Hatchling" (the entry level plan priced at $6.95 / month), "Child" (this is the most popular plan, and it is likely to satisfy the requirements of a really wide range of customers), and "Swamp" (similar as the "Baby" plan, however with increases in bandwidth and disk space, priced at $14.95 / month).
For a complete list of features and a side by side contrast of all hosting strategies you should see Hostgator's website below. Below is a testimonial of the most vital features of the "Baby" strategy, this is most likely the most ideal plan for the majority of users, and it is our favorite plan.
Disk space 100GB - This amount has actually been just recently upgraded by Hostgator from 5GB to a huge 100GB. All users are most likely to discover it impossible to tire this quantity of disk space.
Bandwidth 1000GB/month - Also enhanced is the bandwidth allotment, from 75GB to a relatively extreme 1000GB. Once again virtually absolutely no opportunity of making use of all that, but it's good to understand that you absolutely won't be dealing with additional costs for reviewing your limitation, even if you have an extremely hectic internet site(s).
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30 Day money back guarantee - This has become a pretty conventional function in the webhosting community, though it's good to have for added assurance.
Immediate setup - Many hosting providers take 24-48 hours to setup your account however Hostgator guarantees to have you up and running in under 15 minutes (they do not charge a setup charge either)!
Endless MySQL databases - This is really helpful because each Fantastico (see below) script requires its own MySQL database.
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It contains numerous features and offers good performance. Best of all, there is a complete working demo on the Hostgator website, so you can test it out yourself!
Customer service and technical support
Hostgator offers us 24/7 phone support, and live online chat. The fact that you are provided 2 options to receive instantaneous technical support at any time of the day is excellent. Our experience has actually always been really good when speaking to Hostgator, their operatives are extremely respectful and most significantly they appear to understand their things when dealing with technical issues.
Performance
The efficiency from Hostgator's servers is outstanding! Hostgator location much tighter limitations on the variety of websites sharing the exact same server compared with most various other shared hosting carriers. This offers higher dependability since less stress is put on the servers; and it also greatly enhances the rate at which your web pages run.
Server efficiency is an additional one of the essential areas where Hostgator distinguish themselves from the crowd of various other host.
Our decision
Overall there is so much to such as about the method Hostgator does company, they actually do appear to have a great grasp on what the typical customer requires from a web hosting provider. Rarely do you come across reports of unhappy Hostgator customers, and after hosting with them ourselves we now understand why! At simply $9.95 / month for the "Baby" strategy (which includes limitless domains); anyone looking to host more than one internet site has a rather easy decision to make.
In cryptography, cryptographic hash functions can be divided into two main categories. In the first category are those functions whose designs are based on a mathematical problem and thus their security follows from rigorous mathematical proofs, complexity theory and formal reduction. These functions are called Provably Secure Cryptographic Hash Functions. However this does not mean that such a function could not be broken. To construct them is very difficult and only a few examples were introduced. The practical use is limited.
In the second category are functions that are not based on mathematical problems but on an ad hoc basis, where the bits of the message are mixed to produce the hash. They are then believed to be hard to break, but no such formal proof is given. Almost all widely-spread hash functions fall in this category. Some of these functions are already broken and are no longer in use.
Types of Security of Hash Functions
Generally, the basic security of cryptographic hash functions can be seen from three different angles: pre-image resistance, second pre-image resistance and collision resistance.
- Pre-image resistance: given a hash h it should be hard to find any message m such that h = hash(m). This concept is related to that of one way function. Functions that lack this property are vulnerable to pre-image attacks.
- Second pre-image resistance: given an input m1, it should be hard to find another input, m2 (not equal to m1) such that hash(m1) = hash(m2). This property is sometimes referred to as weak collision resistance. Functions that lack this property are vulnerable to second pre-image attacks.
- Collision resistance: it should be hard to find two different messages m1 and m2 such that hash(m1) = hash(m2). Such a pair is called a (cryptographic) hash collision. This property is sometimes referred to as strong collision resistance. It requires a hash value at least twice as long as what is required for pre-image resistance, otherwise collisions may be found by a birthday attack.
The Meaning of "Hard"
The basic question is the meaning of "hard". There are two approaches to answer this question. First is the intuitive/practical approach: "hard means that it is almost certainly beyond the reach of any adversary who must be prevented from breaking the system for as long as the security of the system is deemed important."
The second approach is theoretical and is based on the computational complexity theory. If problem A is hard, there exists a formal security reduction from a problem which is widely supposed to be unsolvable in polynomial time, such as integer factorization problem or discrete logarithm problem.
However, non-existence of a polynomial time algorithm does not automatically ensure that the system is secure. It is equally important to choose the parameters sensibly (e.g. a length of the numbers that the system works with). For instance, factoring 21 is easy although in general integer factorization is considered a hard problem.
Classical Hash Functions - Practical Approach to Security
Most hash functions are built on an ad hoc basis, where the bits of the message are nicely mixed to produce the hash. Various bitwise operations (e.g. rotations), modular additions and compression functions are used in iterative mode to ensure high complexity and pseudo-randomness of the output. In this way, the security is very hard to prove and the proof is usually not done. Only a few years ago, one of the most popular hash functions, SHA-1, was shown to be less secure than its length suggested: collisions could be found in only 251[1] tests, rather than the brute-force number of 280. The search for a "good" hash function has thus become a hot topic.
In other words, most of the hash functions in use nowadays are not provably collision-resistant. These hashes are not based on purely mathematical functions. This approach results generally in more effective hashing functions, but with the risk that a weakness of such a function will be eventually used to find collisions. The famous case is MD5.
Meaning of "hard to find collision" in these cases means "almost certainly beyond the reach of any adversary who must be prevented from breaking the system for as long as the security of the system is deemed important." The meaning of the term is therefore somewhat dependent on the application, since the effort that a malicious agent may put into the task is usually proportional to his expected gain. However, since the needed effort usually grows very quickly with the digest length, even a thousandfold advantage in processing power can be neutralized by adding a few dozen bits to the latter.
Provably Secure Hash Functions
In this approach, we base the security of hash function on some hard mathematical problem and we prove that finding collisions of the hash functions is as hard as breaking the underlying problem. This gives much stronger security than just relying on complex mixing of bits as in the classical approach.
A cryptographic hash function has provable security against collision attacks if finding collisions is provably polynomial-time reducible from problem P which is supposed to be unsolvable in polynomial time. The function is then called provably secure, or just provable.
It means that if finding collisions would be feasible in polynomial time by algorithm A, we could find and use polynomial time algorithm R (reduction algorithm) that would use algorithm A to solve problem P, which is widely supposed to be unsolvable in polynomial time. That is a contradiction. This means, that finding collisions cannot be easier than solving P.
Hash functions with the proof of their security are based on mathematical functions.
Hard problems
Examples of problems, that are assumed to be not solvable in polynomial time
- Discrete Logarithm Problem
- Finding Modular Square Roots
- Integer Factorization Problem
- Subset Sum Problem
Downsides of Provable Approach
- Current collision-resistant hash algorithms that have provable security reductions are too inefficient to be used in practice. In comparison to classical hash functions, they tend to be relatively slow and do not always meet all of criteria traditionally expected of cryptographic hashes. Very smooth hash is an example.
- Constructing a hash function with provable security is much more difficult than using a classical approach where we just hope that the complex mixing of bits in the hashing algorithm is strong enough to prevent adversary from finding collisions.
- The proof is often a reduction to a problem with asymptotically hard worst-case or average-case complexity. Worst-case measures the difficulty of solving pathological cases rather than typical cases of the underlying problem. Even a reduction to a problem with hard average complexity offers only limited security as there still can be an algorithm that easily solves the problem for a subset of the problem space. For example, early versions of Fast Syndrome Based Hash turned out to be insecure. This problem was solved in the latest version.
SWIFFT is an example of a hash function that circumvents these security problems. It can be shown that for any algorithm that can break SWIFFT with probability P within an estimated time T, we can find an algorithm that solves the worst case scenario of a certain difficult mathematical problem within time T' depending on T and P.
Example of (unpractical) Provably Secure Hash Function
Hash(m) = xm mod n where n is hard to factor composite number, and x is some prespecified base value. A collision xm1 congruent to xm2 reveals a multiple m1 - m2 of the order of x. Such information can be used to factor n in polynomial time assuming certain properties of x.
But the algorithm is quite inefficient because it requires on average 1.5 multiplications modulo n per message-bit.
More practical provably secure hash functions
- VSH - Very Smooth Hash function - a provably secure collision-resistant hash function assuming the hardness of finding nontrivial modular square roots modulo composite number (this is proven to be as hard as factoring ).
- MuHASH
- ECOH - Elliptic Curve Only hash function - based on the concept of Elliptic curves, Subset Sum Problem and summation of polynomials. The security proof of the collision resistance was based on weakened assumptions and eventually a second pre-image attack was found.
- FSB - Fast Syndrome-Based hash function - it can be proven that breaking FSB is at least as difficult as solving a certain NP-complete problem known as Regular Syndrome Decoding.
- SWIFFT - SWIFFT is based on the Fast Fourier transform and is provably collision resistant, under a relatively mild assumption about the worst-case difficulty of finding short vectors in cyclic/ideal lattices.
- Chaum, van Heijst, Pfitzmann hash function - A compression function where finding collisions is as hard as solving the discrete logarithm problem in a finite group .
- Knapsack-based hash functions - A family of hash functions based on the Knapsack problem.
- The Zémor-Tillich hash function - A family of hash functions that rely on the arithmetic of the group of matrices SL2. Finding collisions is at least as difficult as finding factorization of certain elements in this group. This is supposed to be hard, at least PSPACE-complete. For this hash, an attack was eventually discovered with a time complexity close to . This beat by far the birthday bound and ideal pre-image complexities which are and for the Zémor-Tillich hash function. As the attacks include a birthday search in a reduced set of size they indeed do not destroy the idea of provable security of invalidate the scheme but rather suggest that the initial parameters were too small.[2]
- Hash functions from Sigma Protocols - there exists a general way of constructing a provably secure hash, specifically from any (suitable) sigma protocol. A faster version of VSH (called VSH*) could be obtained in this way.
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
- ↑ http://eprint.iacr.org/2008/469.pdf
- ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
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