Menaquinol oxidase (H+-transporting)

In mechanics, two or more springs are said to be in series when they are connected end-to-end, and in parallel when they are connected side-by-side; in both cases, so as to act as a single spring.

Parallel		Series

More generally, two or more springs are in series when any external stress applied to the ensemble gets applied to each spring without change of magnitude, and the amount strain (deformation) of the ensemble is the sum of the strains of the individual springs. Conversely, they are said to be in parallel if the strain of the ensemble is their common strain, and the stress of the ensemble is the sum of their stresses.

Any combination of Hookean (linear-response) springs in series or parallel behaves like a single Hookean spring. The formulas for combining their physical attributes are analogous to those that apply to resistors connected in series or parallel in an electrical circuit.

Formulas

Equivalent spring

The following table gives formulas for the spring that is equivalent to a system of two springs, in series or in parallel, whose spring constants are $k_{1}$ and $k_{2}$. (The compliance $c$ of a spring is the reciprocal $1/k$ of its spring constant.)

Quantity	In Parallel	In Series
Equivalent spring constant	$k_{eq}=k_{1}+k_{2}$	${\frac {1}{k_{eq}}}={\frac {1}{k_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{k_{2}}}$
Equivalent compliance	${\frac {1}{c_{eq}}}={\frac {1}{c_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{c_{2}}}$	$c_{eq}=c_{1}+c_{2}$
Strain (elongation)	$x_{eq}=x_{1}=x_{2}$	$x_{eq}=x_{1}+x_{2}$
Stress (applied force)	$F_{eq}=F_{1}+F_{2}$	$F_{eq}=F_{1}=F_{2}$
Stored energy	$E_{eq}=E_{1}+E_{2}$	$E_{eq}=E_{1}+E_{2}$

Partition formulas

Quantity	In Parallel	In Series
Strain (elongation)	$x_{1}=x_{2}\,$	${\frac {x_{1}}{x_{2}}}={\frac {k_{2}}{k_{1}}}={\frac {c_{1}}{c_{2}}}$
Stress (applied force)	${\frac {F_{1}}{F_{2}}}={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{2}}}={\frac {c_{2}}{c_{1}}}$	$F_{1}=F_{2}\,$
Stored energy	${\frac {E_{1}}{E_{2}}}={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{2}}}={\frac {c_{2}}{c_{1}}}$	${\frac {E_{1}}{E_{2}}}={\frac {k_{2}}{k_{1}}}={\frac {c_{1}}{c_{2}}}$

Derivations

Equivalent Spring Constant (Series)

When putting two springs in their equilibrium positions in series attached at the end to a block and then displacing it from that equilibrium, each of the springs will experience corresponding displacements x1 and x2 for a total displacement of x1 + x2. We will be looking for an equation for the force on the block that looks like: $F_{b}=-k_{eq}(x_{1}+x_{2}).\,$ The force that each spring experiences will have to be same, otherwise the springs would buckle. Moreover, this force will be the same as Fb. This means that $F_{1}=-k_{1}x_{1}=F_{2}=-k_{2}x_{2}.\,$ We can solve for $x_{2}\,$: $x_{2}={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{2}}}x_{1}.\,$ Now we just plug this back into Fb: $F_{b}\,$ $=-k_{eq}\left(x_{1}+{\frac {k_{1}}{k_{2}}}x_{1}\right)\,$ $F_{b}=-k_{eq}\left({\frac {k_{2}+k_{1}}{k_{2}}}\right)x_{1}\,$ Now, we equate Fb = F1: $-k_{eq}\left({\frac {k_{2}+k_{1}}{k_{2}}}\right)x_{1}=-k_{1}x_{1}.\,$ Canceling x1 we get: $k_{eq}={\frac {k_{1}k_{2}}{k_{2}+k_{1}}}.\,$ Which can also be written: ${\frac {1}{k_{eq}}}={\frac {1}{k_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{k_{2}}}.\,$

Equivalent Spring Constant (Parallel)
Both springs are touching the block in this case, and whatever distance spring 1 is compressed has to be the same amount spring 2 is compressed. The force on the block is then: $F_{b}\,$ $=F_{1}+F_{2}\,$ $=-k_{1}x-k_{2}x\,$ So the force on the block is $F_{b}=-(k_{1}+k_{2})x.\,$ Which is why we can define the equivalent spring constant as $k_{eq}=k_{1}+k_{2}.\,$

Compressed Distance
In the case where two springs are in series, the force of the springs on each other are equal: $F_{1}=F_{2}\,$ $-k_{1}x_{1}=-k_{2}x_{2}.\,$ From this we get a relationship between the compressed distances for the in series case: ${\frac {x_{1}}{x_{2}}}={\frac {k_{2}}{k_{1}}}.\,$

Energy Stored

For the series case, the ratio of energy stored in springs is: ${\frac {E_{1}}{E_{2}}}={\frac {{\frac {1}{2}}k_{1}x_{1}^{2}}{{\frac {1}{2}}k_{2}x_{2}^{2}}},\,$ but there is a relationship between x1 and x2 derived earlier, so we can plug that in: ${\frac {E_{1}}{E_{2}}}={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{2}}}\left({\frac {k_{2}}{k_{1}}}\right)^{2}={\frac {k_{2}}{k_{1}}}.\,$ For the parallel case, ${\frac {E_{1}}{E_{2}}}={\frac {{\frac {1}{2}}k_{1}x^{2}}{{\frac {1}{2}}k_{2}x^{2}}}\,$ because the compressed distance of the springs is the same, this simplifies to ${\frac {E_{1}}{E_{2}}}={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{2}}}.\,$

See also

• Truss

References

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